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so our speaker today got his degree is

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bachelor sat in geological sciences at

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Santa Barbara and his PhD in geology at

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Arizona State in two thousand Josh

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Benfield has been actively involved in a

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spacecraft for some time and these

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include Mars Global Surveyor the 2001

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Mars Odyssey the Mars Explorer over the

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Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter and the

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Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter his work

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especially focuses on atmospheric

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monitoring surface composition and

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thermo physical properties of planetary

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surfaces he's currently a research

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assistant professor in ESS and he

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started with us last februari his title

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today is a complex compositional and

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aqueous history of Mars God all right

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see if we get the light so that we can

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one of those permutations for work

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okay so yeah basically I'm trying to

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cover quite a bit of ground with this

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talk and hopefully I'll keep it general

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enough that kind of the

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interdisciplinary nature of the audience

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can follow relatively easily but yeah

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basically I wanted to talk about

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essentially the slew of surface

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compositions that we see on the surface

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of Mars and then do my best to try to

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attempt to connect that with what that

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means for the conditions on the in the

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past and what that means for the ability

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for life to be preserved and develop on

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the surface so let's just start with an

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outline of what I want to talk about

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essentially this is I wanted basically

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these are what I consider sort of four

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steps from basically collecting the data

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to trying to get at what well

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essentially why NASA is is funding the

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all the Martian orbiters and Rovers to

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begin with is we're starting with

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collecting the data we're trying to get

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at surface composition and by the way

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I'm going to focus on surface

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composition there's also lots of

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morphological studies with cameras and

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other things that I'm getting alerts we

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not talk about from the surface

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compositions we reason we want to know

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these things is basically to get at the

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formation conditions basically you know

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if you see a limestone it means his

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father there basalt and it means it was

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a volcano obviously it gets a lot more

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complex than that and then basically

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going from these conditions to linking

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those conditions to the habitability and

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preservation potential on Mars and so

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you know in the NASA's mantra is

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basically let's follow the water we're

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trying to follow the water back to the

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conditions back to trying to figure out

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whether or not life actually ever

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developed at one point and or still

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exist on the planet today so taking

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these four steps I want to go over just

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a brief up the brief description of sort

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of where are we now and basically you

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can go from step one well with I'm

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calling step one down to here and you'll

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probably pretty much gets a little bit

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less that well

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amount of knowledge or data or

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understanding basically gets less and

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less as we go from the beginning steps

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down to the more complicated ones but

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clicking accurate data this is basically

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a whole bunch of NASA acronyms and you

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can write a whole paragraph full of

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acronyms but yeah we have we've

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collected a lot of data Mars Global

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Surveyor Mars Odyssey Martha Mars

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Express Mars exploration Rovers and Mars

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Reconnaissance Orbiter all have

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instruments on those spacecraft that

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help us try to understand what the

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composition of the surface is and

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they've all been highly successful

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they've collected terabytes and

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terabytes of data and there's basically

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there's lots of data there with lots of

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potential taking the next step well

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we've got the data how do we how are we

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what's where are we with determining

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surface composition and sure there's

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many details that are still being worked

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out there's probably many discoveries

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still left be left left to be made but

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many discoveries have already been made

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in the past decade basically since Mars

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Global Surveyor went into orbit our

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understanding of the composition of the

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Martian surface has changed in a big way

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probably several times over now okay

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getting a little bit more specific let's

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take these surface compositions and try

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to interpret what the formation

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conditions what conditions were present

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on Mars at the time and that's actually

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more difficult of course and the

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hypotheses have hypotheses have been

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forwarded and links are starting to be

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made but i would i would argue that

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basically our understanding is getting

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more and more vague and then finally the

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final step of linking those conditions

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that habitability the way I would

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describe is it's no longer exclusively

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the realm of wild speculation

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essentially there's actually good work

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that's starting to be done there but the

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amount of unknown versus the amount of

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known it's it's a very large ratio so

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let's start with the measurements and

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i'll describe hopefully very briefly the

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measurement techniques and i'll focus

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mostly on essentially the spectroscopy

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my basically my expertise is

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and thermal infrared spectroscopy and

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basically a lot of the compositions that

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we know about the surface of Mars today

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are visible through a thermal infrared

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spectroscopy both from orbit and in situ

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and that's gonna be the primary focus

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presented here but one thing I wanted to

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make sure I pointed out is that other

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measurements have been made and they

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made it very important contributions

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basically mössbauer spectroscopy which

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the mastaba spectrometer is on the

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instrument deployment device on the Mars

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exploration Rovers has given us vast

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amounts of information on the iron

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mineralogy of Martian surface so that's

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made a very important contribution that

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I'm not going to talk about in detail

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and then there's gamma ray Neutron alpha

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proton x-ray spectroscopy basically

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those give you elemental compositions

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either from orbit or Institute and

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basically with those compositions you

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can infer surface Meteorology's as well

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and they've made really important

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contributions as well the big point here

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though is that no single measurement

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technique provides a complete

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mineralogical picture you have to look

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at something from a variety of

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perspectives in order to get at

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basically what what is the mineralogy of

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the surface and some techniques are

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better under fine grained for fine

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particulates others are for better for

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course particulates warm temperatures

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lots of sunlight basically different

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conditions are better for different

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instrument techniques and so even though

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the principal investigator of either any

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one of these instruments will tell you

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it's the greatest thing since sliced

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bread and that it will tell you

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everything you wanted to know about Mars

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basically it's the it's a combination of

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the measurements that helps build up a

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good picture so let's start with thermal

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infrared spectroscopy and this is

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basically the the one slide background

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and this is where I focused much of my

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work we've looking at fifty to fifty

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Mike a 5 to 50 micron wavelength

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basically we're looking at energy that's

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being emitted from the surface it's not

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reflected light it's emitted light and

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if we look at emissivity basically

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different the way I put is basically

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different materials glow different

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colors in a thermal infrared and these

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are

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what a variety of different rock-forming

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minerals from quartz the feldspar clay

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Erickson Anala be we're going from

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isolated tetrahedra of framework

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silicates as well as carbonates and

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sulfates and you'll notice that the

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squiggly lines have are very distinct

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between the different materials and so

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basically these different materials have

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their characteristic fingerprints that

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you can use to identify what the

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composition of the surface is so most

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rock-forming minerals have these

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distinctive absorptions in the thermal

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infrared and one of the nice nice

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properties of this is at the if you're

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looking at a coarse particulate surface

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like sand or rocks or whatever

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essentially the there the contribution

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to your measured spectrum combines in a

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linear manner so you can basically use

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that to deke involve your measured

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spectrum to back out the abundance of

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each of the constituents so if you had a

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basalt for example you'd have basically

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the the p rock scene and the feldspar

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and the olivene would combine in a

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linear manner and you could take that

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spectrum of that basalt and deke involve

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the waiting's of each of these spectra

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to get at the the abundance of them of

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course that has many many caveats and

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other issues but to first order it works

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pretty well and so fine particulates so

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if we're looking at the Martian dust

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rather than Martian soils or rocks have

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a very different set of sensitivities

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and so things go very nonlinear and we

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have basically we become more sensitive

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to things like carbonates and less

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sensitive to things like period scenes

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so there's a whole there's a very large

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set of rules that goes along with it why

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is that another particular example um

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essentially when it's with coarse

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particulates you don't get photons

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basically going through individual

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grains and if you once you get below

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about 50 microns or so basically the the

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photons will start passing through

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multiple grains and so the scattering

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the you get volume scattering okay

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looking at visible and near-infrared

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spectroscopy so now we're looking at

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reflected light that's basically just

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like you see with your eyes and there is

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no set in a hard definition for

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wavelength ranges

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I'm just going to arbitrarily define it

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is about point for the 4 micron

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wavelength and this has a whole unique

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set of sensitivity that's highly

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complementary to the thermal infrared

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essentially we're sensitive to iron two

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plus + 3 + electronic transitions very

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sensitive to 0 h h2o and carbonate

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vibrational overtones and so and you

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have a high sensitivity for varia for a

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certain set of compositions and particle

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sizes and the behavior tends to be

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highly Nanyan nonlinear so in this case

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you can basically you can detect things

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like very small percentages or

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abundances of Pylos silicates or clays

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present and you would but on the other

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hand you wouldn't detect courts or

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feldspar and basically these are some of

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the different types of minerals that you

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can detect there's a guy and these are

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the iron two-plus absorptions non

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tonight which is a phyllosilicate as

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these 1.4 1.9 2.3 micron absorptions

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hematite has the fe 3 plus iron

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three-plus absorptions gypsum has water

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absorption is calcite has the carbonate

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absorption so these all have their

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distinct signatures that are very easy

278
00:11:22,380 --> 00:11:20,410
to distinguish from one another so I'm

279
00:11:24,180 --> 00:11:22,390
going to start with basically this step

280
00:11:25,410 --> 00:11:24,190
here collecting accurate data I want to

281
00:11:26,670 --> 00:11:25,420
go over some of the different

282
00:11:30,270 --> 00:11:26,680
instruments that have been flown on the

283
00:11:31,980 --> 00:11:30,280
different spacecraft basically to give a

284
00:11:34,370 --> 00:11:31,990
sense of what kind of data is being

285
00:11:36,840 --> 00:11:34,380
collected and what is capable of doing

286
00:11:38,040 --> 00:11:36,850
and the first one will start I'm going

287
00:11:41,940 --> 00:11:38,050
to start with a thermal infrared because

288
00:11:43,740 --> 00:11:41,950
it's my bias this is the Mars Global

289
00:11:46,770 --> 00:11:43,750
Surveyor thermal emission spectrometer

290
00:11:48,930 --> 00:11:46,780
and the it's a michelson interferometer

291
00:11:50,340 --> 00:11:48,940
basically two orthogonal mirrors and a

292
00:11:51,600 --> 00:11:50,350
beam splitter you split the light you

293
00:11:52,920 --> 00:11:51,610
combine it again you get in your fair

294
00:11:55,440 --> 00:11:52,930
grams and somehow you can magically

295
00:11:59,160 --> 00:11:55,450
transform that into radians versus

296
00:12:01,800 --> 00:11:59,170
wavelength it is a spectrometer not an

297
00:12:04,740 --> 00:12:01,810
imager so this is the type of data that

298
00:12:06,900 --> 00:12:04,750
we get out of the spec the the test

299
00:12:09,600 --> 00:12:06,910
instrument from about 60 to 50 microns

300
00:12:10,950 --> 00:12:09,610
and you basically the line basically

301
00:12:12,570 --> 00:12:10,960
shows a bunch of different things if

302
00:12:14,010 --> 00:12:12,580
you're tuned to what's going on here yet

303
00:12:16,410 --> 00:12:14,020
the co2 absorption this is atmospheric

304
00:12:20,050 --> 00:12:16,420
dust minus c o-- two bands water vapor

305
00:12:23,080 --> 00:12:20,060
and this double hump right here

306
00:12:25,720 --> 00:12:23,090
is basically the hematite that was found

307
00:12:28,120 --> 00:12:25,730
in sinus meridiani so if we try to make

308
00:12:29,950 --> 00:12:28,130
out an image from the the data from the

309
00:12:32,260 --> 00:12:29,960
from the test instrument you can

310
00:12:34,630 --> 00:12:32,270
basically build up crude images with

311
00:12:36,310 --> 00:12:34,640
these strips you don't have very good

312
00:12:40,000 --> 00:12:36,320
resolution about three kilometers per

313
00:12:43,690 --> 00:12:40,010
pixel but you can you can locate on a

314
00:12:46,060 --> 00:12:43,700
map the location of these unique

315
00:12:47,890 --> 00:12:46,070
spectral features and I'm showing this

316
00:12:49,600 --> 00:12:47,900
sort of for historical purposes because

317
00:12:52,420 --> 00:12:49,610
once as a grad student I spent about a

318
00:12:56,020 --> 00:12:52,430
full week putting this image together to

319
00:12:58,540 --> 00:12:56,030
try to map out where the hematite was so

320
00:13:00,190 --> 00:12:58,550
so we see a human-type map like when

321
00:13:03,280 --> 00:13:00,200
they were deciding where that the rover

322
00:13:06,430 --> 00:13:03,290
down it's really the strengths of that

323
00:13:09,100 --> 00:13:06,440
feature is being bad um generally it's

324
00:13:10,450 --> 00:13:09,110
the strength of that feature you can do

325
00:13:12,070 --> 00:13:10,460
a little bit more of that deconvolution

326
00:13:15,190 --> 00:13:12,080
thing where you try to get the weighting

327
00:13:16,360 --> 00:13:15,200
of the of the shape in the spectrum but

328
00:13:18,790 --> 00:13:16,370
yeah essentially what you're looking at

329
00:13:20,800 --> 00:13:18,800
the strength of that feature and I'll

330
00:13:26,250 --> 00:13:20,810
show another image later on that shows a

331
00:13:28,540 --> 00:13:26,260
more detailed map the other thermally

332
00:13:30,220 --> 00:13:28,550
orbital thermal instrument we have is

333
00:13:31,750 --> 00:13:30,230
the thermal emission imaging system this

334
00:13:34,750 --> 00:13:31,760
is Themis it's on a Mars Odyssey

335
00:13:36,640 --> 00:13:34,760
spacecraft and the combination of tests

336
00:13:38,680 --> 00:13:36,650
and Themis is actually very a very nice

337
00:13:40,450 --> 00:13:38,690
combination one is a spectrometer with

338
00:13:43,240 --> 00:13:40,460
low spatial resolution but high spectral

339
00:13:45,670 --> 00:13:43,250
resolution Themis has high spatial

340
00:13:48,040 --> 00:13:45,680
resolution 100 meters per pixel so they

341
00:13:50,500 --> 00:13:48,050
can collect reasonable images of the

342
00:13:52,300 --> 00:13:50,510
surface but it has low spectral

343
00:13:54,970 --> 00:13:52,310
resolution and we're only looking at

344
00:13:58,150 --> 00:13:54,980
basically nine different wavelengths

345
00:13:59,740 --> 00:13:58,160
between about 7 15 microns so whereas we

346
00:14:01,210 --> 00:13:59,750
were building a crude pictures but nice

347
00:14:03,010 --> 00:14:01,220
spectra with tests we build up nice

348
00:14:05,290 --> 00:14:03,020
pictures but crude spectra with Themis

349
00:14:07,570 --> 00:14:05,300
and this is an example of Themis data

350
00:14:10,680 --> 00:14:07,580
this is an infrared image of a crater

351
00:14:13,360 --> 00:14:10,690
off in northern service major and the

352
00:14:16,420 --> 00:14:13,370
boxes basically represent the locations

353
00:14:18,220 --> 00:14:16,430
of the the spectra that were applauded

354
00:14:20,410 --> 00:14:18,230
over here on the right and you can see

355
00:14:24,010 --> 00:14:20,420
that basically the colors show some

356
00:14:26,290 --> 00:14:24,020
co-located different spectral surfaces

357
00:14:27,880 --> 00:14:26,300
in this case we have a surface with

358
00:14:30,220 --> 00:14:27,890
strong spectral features at Short

359
00:14:32,319 --> 00:14:30,230
wavelengths which is indicative of a

360
00:14:34,359 --> 00:14:32,329
high silica content

361
00:14:37,419 --> 00:14:34,369
the if you look at test data it shows

362
00:14:39,729 --> 00:14:37,429
that this area right here is composed of

363
00:14:41,379 --> 00:14:39,739
basically quartz and feldspar which is

364
00:14:46,869 --> 00:14:41,389
generally I mean it's basically a

365
00:14:48,220 --> 00:14:46,879
granite on the surface of Mars the third

366
00:14:50,259 --> 00:14:48,230
thermal instrument is the Mars

367
00:14:51,789 --> 00:14:50,269
exploration Rovers mini tests it's also

368
00:14:55,739 --> 00:14:51,799
a mickelson air parameter just like

369
00:14:57,699 --> 00:14:55,749
tests it's like tests but mini and

370
00:14:59,650 --> 00:14:57,709
essentially it's sitting there on the

371
00:15:02,619 --> 00:14:59,660
surface and can collect spectra in these

372
00:15:04,660 --> 00:15:02,629
dots here basically represent the the

373
00:15:07,299 --> 00:15:04,670
spot size of what we're capable of

374
00:15:09,069 --> 00:15:07,309
resolving on this image here is a little

375
00:15:11,079 --> 00:15:09,079
bit faint but you'll see that warmer

376
00:15:12,609 --> 00:15:11,089
colors like reds basically represent

377
00:15:14,139 --> 00:15:12,619
warmer surface temperatures cooler

378
00:15:16,119 --> 00:15:14,149
colors like blues represent holder

379
00:15:18,039 --> 00:15:16,129
surface temperatures and for each one of

380
00:15:20,229 --> 00:15:18,049
these thoughts were collecting a full

381
00:15:21,519 --> 00:15:20,239
spectrum with which we can use to try to

382
00:15:27,609 --> 00:15:21,529
characterize the mineralogy of the

383
00:15:29,530 --> 00:15:27,619
surface okay almost done we've got two

384
00:15:31,350 --> 00:15:29,540
more instruments Mars Express Omega

385
00:15:33,340 --> 00:15:31,360
Omega is a visible and near-infrared

386
00:15:34,929 --> 00:15:33,350
actually I think it's just an earring

387
00:15:37,329 --> 00:15:34,939
for its thick no it's a visible and

388
00:15:40,199 --> 00:15:37,339
near-infrared spectrometer whisk brooms

389
00:15:42,850 --> 00:15:40,209
grading spectrometer and this was

390
00:15:45,249 --> 00:15:42,860
probably what I guess I would consider

391
00:15:46,840 --> 00:15:45,259
sort of the first high quality visible

392
00:15:51,009 --> 00:15:46,850
near-infrared spectrometer to go to Mars

393
00:15:52,629 --> 00:15:51,019
certainly with a complete data set there

394
00:15:54,159 --> 00:15:52,639
was one on the Phobos spacecraft back in

395
00:15:56,679 --> 00:15:54,169
nineteen ninety but collected a limited

396
00:15:59,379 --> 00:15:56,689
amount of data and so we can create

397
00:16:01,689 --> 00:15:59,389
crude images with about 500 meters per

398
00:16:03,549 --> 00:16:01,699
pixel spatial sampling at periapsis ours

399
00:16:04,989 --> 00:16:03,559
expresses in actually quite elliptical

400
00:16:06,400 --> 00:16:04,999
orbit so if you're looking at Mars from

401
00:16:09,220 --> 00:16:06,410
farther away it's going to be a larger

402
00:16:11,319 --> 00:16:09,230
pixel size and you can build up pictures

403
00:16:14,199 --> 00:16:11,329
with the different spectra so we're

404
00:16:16,299 --> 00:16:14,209
taking full spectra at high spectral

405
00:16:19,269 --> 00:16:16,309
resolution and sort of a reasonable

406
00:16:23,829 --> 00:16:19,279
spatial resolution and in this case for

407
00:16:25,119 --> 00:16:23,839
showing essentially data that shows the

408
00:16:28,449 --> 00:16:25,129
difference between different iron

409
00:16:30,280 --> 00:16:28,459
two-plus absorptions with olivene low

410
00:16:31,929 --> 00:16:30,290
calcium kerosene high calcium kerosene

411
00:16:34,600 --> 00:16:31,939
you can see the distinct how they are

412
00:16:37,539 --> 00:16:34,610
spatially Colo how they're spatially

413
00:16:40,239 --> 00:16:37,549
distributed on Martian surface for scale

414
00:16:41,889 --> 00:16:40,249
this is two degrees of latitude in a

415
00:16:43,759 --> 00:16:41,899
degree of latitude on Mars it's about 60

416
00:16:47,509 --> 00:16:43,769
kilometers so this is about 120

417
00:16:49,160 --> 00:16:47,519
there's from your tip here and this is

418
00:16:51,229 --> 00:16:49,170
from polki at all it's being cut off

419
00:16:55,429 --> 00:16:51,239
that I'm trying to reference things when

420
00:16:57,049 --> 00:16:55,439
I show other people's work and then

421
00:16:58,460 --> 00:16:57,059
finally we have the Mars Mars

422
00:16:59,929 --> 00:16:58,470
Reconnaissance Orbiter compact

423
00:17:01,549 --> 00:16:59,939
reconnaissance imaging spectrometer for

424
00:17:03,619 --> 00:17:01,559
mars basically this is the chrism

425
00:17:07,699 --> 00:17:03,629
instrument it's a push broom grading

426
00:17:10,340 --> 00:17:07,709
spectrometer and this is essentially a

427
00:17:12,500 --> 00:17:10,350
very high quality data set that gives us

428
00:17:15,590 --> 00:17:12,510
18 meters per pixel spatial sampling

429
00:17:18,439 --> 00:17:15,600
with 544 spectral channels from point 3

430
00:17:20,510 --> 00:17:18,449
to 3.9 microns so essentially this is

431
00:17:23,049 --> 00:17:20,520
what we're trying to get at with testing

432
00:17:25,309 --> 00:17:23,059
Themis but you've got in the with a

433
00:17:26,929 --> 00:17:25,319
visible near infrared is basically both

434
00:17:29,210 --> 00:17:26,939
high spectral resolution and high

435
00:17:30,440 --> 00:17:29,220
spatial resolution and it's easier to

436
00:17:32,659 --> 00:17:30,450
achieve this with when you're looking at

437
00:17:34,190 --> 00:17:32,669
shorter wavelengths because of the

438
00:17:37,490 --> 00:17:34,200
optics don't need to be quite so large

439
00:17:39,019 --> 00:17:37,500
and you can save weight so basically we

440
00:17:41,630 --> 00:17:39,029
can collect pictures highly detailed

441
00:17:44,000 --> 00:17:41,640
pictures this is about 11 kilometers

442
00:17:45,560 --> 00:17:44,010
across and what we're mapping here is

443
00:17:48,799 --> 00:17:45,570
basically the strength of this

444
00:17:49,610 --> 00:17:48,809
absorption right here actually we're

445
00:17:51,560 --> 00:17:49,620
looking at the strength of this

446
00:17:55,850 --> 00:17:51,570
absorption right here which indicates

447
00:17:57,590 --> 00:17:55,860
hydrated silica strength absorptions on

448
00:18:00,350 --> 00:17:57,600
the surface and we can map it out in

449
00:18:01,760 --> 00:18:00,360
high detail and in turn this is the same

450
00:18:03,769 --> 00:18:01,770
crater that I showed from the Themis

451
00:18:06,860 --> 00:18:03,779
image where this list the location of

452
00:18:08,210 --> 00:18:06,870
feldspar and quartz and what prism is

453
00:18:09,680 --> 00:18:08,220
seeing is not this old Spartan course

454
00:18:13,129 --> 00:18:09,690
because it's not sensitive to it but

455
00:18:14,899 --> 00:18:13,139
seeing the hydrated silica so that it

456
00:18:19,879 --> 00:18:14,909
gives a sense of the complementary

457
00:18:23,000 --> 00:18:19,889
nature of the measurements okay so we've

458
00:18:24,620 --> 00:18:23,010
got this this these different

459
00:18:26,330 --> 00:18:24,630
spectrometers we've got a whole bunch of

460
00:18:29,269 --> 00:18:26,340
data from different wave lengths and

461
00:18:31,490 --> 00:18:29,279
different resolutions and getting at the

462
00:18:32,810 --> 00:18:31,500
surface compositions of the surface and

463
00:18:34,909 --> 00:18:32,820
then interpreting those formation

464
00:18:36,710 --> 00:18:34,919
conditions is sort of the point the

465
00:18:37,970 --> 00:18:36,720
first point of what we're trying to do

466
00:18:41,169 --> 00:18:37,980
or at least what I've been trying to

467
00:18:44,930 --> 00:18:41,179
accomplish and I'm going to start with

468
00:18:48,049 --> 00:18:44,940
essentially what John here we bring at

469
00:18:50,080 --> 00:18:48,059
all in 2006 proposed in paper that came

470
00:18:53,330 --> 00:18:50,090
out in science and that was titled in

471
00:18:55,310 --> 00:18:53,340
somewhat of a grandiose manner global

472
00:18:56,310 --> 00:18:55,320
mineralogical in aqueous Mars history

473
00:18:59,070 --> 00:18:56,320
derived from

474
00:19:01,049 --> 00:18:59,080
mega Mars Express data so the

475
00:19:03,450 --> 00:19:01,059
near-infrared spectrometer on Mars

476
00:19:05,610 --> 00:19:03,460
Express has determined the surface

477
00:19:07,860 --> 00:19:05,620
composition in a manner with which we

478
00:19:10,080 --> 00:19:07,870
can basically recreate the aqueous

479
00:19:13,049 --> 00:19:10,090
history of Mars and he broke it down

480
00:19:16,110 --> 00:19:13,059
into three compositional units which

481
00:19:19,220 --> 00:19:16,120
were then interpreted to be from three

482
00:19:21,629 --> 00:19:19,230
different eras of aqueous alteration so

483
00:19:23,850 --> 00:19:21,639
and these were the three compositional

484
00:19:28,369 --> 00:19:23,860
units phyllosilicates sulfates and

485
00:19:31,259 --> 00:19:28,379
varick oxide now phyllosilicates and

486
00:19:33,720 --> 00:19:31,269
generally they form with lots of liquid

487
00:19:36,330 --> 00:19:33,730
water and they were generally found in

488
00:19:38,730 --> 00:19:36,340
older trains on Mars the what they

489
00:19:40,440 --> 00:19:38,740
called the Milwaukee and era so and this

490
00:19:42,029 --> 00:19:40,450
was interpreted as sustained aqueous

491
00:19:44,249 --> 00:19:42,039
alteration of materials during the

492
00:19:46,289 --> 00:19:44,259
Nowacki and so this is grated 3.7

493
00:19:50,009 --> 00:19:46,299
billion years ago plus or minus quite a

494
00:19:52,590 --> 00:19:50,019
few million years in terms of error and

495
00:19:56,759 --> 00:19:52,600
then the second part of this was that if

496
00:19:59,580 --> 00:19:56,769
at some point Mars changed its global

497
00:20:03,480 --> 00:19:59,590
aqueous environment from something with

498
00:20:05,749 --> 00:20:03,490
relatively moderate to high pH is and we

499
00:20:08,580 --> 00:20:05,759
had a vulcanism driven sulfur source

500
00:20:12,539 --> 00:20:08,590
volcanoes basically release lots of

501
00:20:15,720 --> 00:20:12,549
sulfur sulfur rich gases and that can

502
00:20:17,490 --> 00:20:15,730
create in a citic environment which

503
00:20:19,499 --> 00:20:17,500
would change a global equus chemistry

504
00:20:22,409 --> 00:20:19,509
this happened during the late milwaukee

505
00:20:26,009 --> 00:20:22,419
and throughout the experian and any

506
00:20:27,990 --> 00:20:26,019
water that was present would as it is it

507
00:20:29,549 --> 00:20:28,000
dissolve things in the rocks it had lots

508
00:20:31,169 --> 00:20:29,559
of sulphur dissolved in it had lots of

509
00:20:33,450 --> 00:20:31,179
magnesium and calcium and other things

510
00:20:34,680 --> 00:20:33,460
and when it evaporated away or the

511
00:20:37,950 --> 00:20:34,690
conditions changed it would precipitate

512
00:20:39,869 --> 00:20:37,960
out sulfates the third era was

513
00:20:42,210 --> 00:20:39,879
characterized by limited availability of

514
00:20:45,749 --> 00:20:42,220
water during the Amazonian this is

515
00:20:48,180 --> 00:20:45,759
lesson 2.9 billion years old and results

516
00:20:49,680 --> 00:20:48,190
in basically a dominance of what

517
00:20:53,669 --> 00:20:49,690
beavering proposed was gas-solid

518
00:20:55,919 --> 00:20:53,679
weathering so this was the the three

519
00:20:58,680 --> 00:20:55,929
eras the three compositional units and

520
00:21:00,600 --> 00:20:58,690
some of it I actually agree with quite

521
00:21:02,490 --> 00:21:00,610
you know basically the phyllosilicates

522
00:21:04,139 --> 00:21:02,500
that's a very important discovery shows

523
00:21:05,970 --> 00:21:04,149
that there was a lot of water they do

524
00:21:09,180 --> 00:21:05,980
appear to be concentrated though not

525
00:21:09,930 --> 00:21:09,190
exclusive to the older terrains whereas

526
00:21:11,759 --> 00:21:09,940
other aspects

527
00:21:12,930 --> 00:21:11,769
this such as gas solid weathering which

528
00:21:16,110 --> 00:21:12,940
has never actually been shown to

529
00:21:18,570 --> 00:21:16,120
actually happen or the sulfates which is

530
00:21:19,769 --> 00:21:18,580
driven by this volcanism source where we

531
00:21:21,360 --> 00:21:19,779
know there's lots of volcanoes on Mars

532
00:21:23,909 --> 00:21:21,370
but we actually don't really have much

533
00:21:25,350 --> 00:21:23,919
idea about how much sulfur they actually

534
00:21:27,629 --> 00:21:25,360
released or actually when that ever

535
00:21:30,119 --> 00:21:27,639
occurred so some things are actually

536
00:21:34,110 --> 00:21:30,129
quite a bit more vague and I feel sort

537
00:21:36,090 --> 00:21:34,120
of need some closer scrutiny Josh are

538
00:21:40,049 --> 00:21:36,100
you going to talk about where these ages

539
00:21:42,090 --> 00:21:40,059
come from um I wasn't the the general

540
00:21:43,710 --> 00:21:42,100
ages come from okay so Mars was split up

541
00:21:46,039 --> 00:21:43,720
into sort of three different eras

542
00:21:48,360 --> 00:21:46,049
Milwaukee and hesperia and Amazonian and

543
00:21:51,389 --> 00:21:48,370
nuh Joaquin is sort of the heavily

544
00:21:53,940 --> 00:21:51,399
cratered old surfaces on Mars hesperian

545
00:21:55,680 --> 00:21:53,950
is associated with a hiss Perry enriched

546
00:21:59,009 --> 00:21:55,690
plains basically after the heavy

547
00:22:02,610 --> 00:21:59,019
bombardment and characterized by lots of

548
00:22:05,879 --> 00:22:02,620
volcanic then basically wrinkle ridges

549
00:22:08,249 --> 00:22:05,889
and then Amazonian is sort of post

550
00:22:10,049 --> 00:22:08,259
states that so they're related to sort

551
00:22:11,610 --> 00:22:10,059
of three different global morphologies

552
00:22:13,529 --> 00:22:11,620
on the surface so these are the

553
00:22:15,720 --> 00:22:13,539
correlations of composition with these

554
00:22:18,240 --> 00:22:15,730
morphological features of particular

555
00:22:21,600 --> 00:22:18,250
crater counts right where ages of

556
00:22:23,789 --> 00:22:21,610
business as well as could be done with

557
00:22:25,529 --> 00:22:23,799
the data that was available in fact what

558
00:22:28,730 --> 00:22:25,539
b-bring did ended up doing was creating

559
00:22:32,159 --> 00:22:28,740
his own Mars Martian time scale and

560
00:22:34,110 --> 00:22:32,169
reset the different dates so there's

561
00:22:35,759 --> 00:22:34,120
sort of the Bering adult time scale and

562
00:22:37,529 --> 00:22:35,769
then there's the traditional Mars time

563
00:22:44,899 --> 00:22:37,539
scale but they roughly correlate with

564
00:22:48,630 --> 00:22:44,909
one another how do I do that no there's

565
00:22:55,170 --> 00:22:48,640
more life or something light and

566
00:23:05,100 --> 00:22:55,180
full note lecture straight demo demo

567
00:23:06,390 --> 00:23:05,110
demo oh nice thank you okay so going

568
00:23:08,640 --> 00:23:06,400
over those those three different

569
00:23:10,020 --> 00:23:08,650
compositions we have phyllosilicates and

570
00:23:13,050 --> 00:23:10,030
once again we're showing chrism data

571
00:23:15,210 --> 00:23:13,060
chrism has some beautiful images showing

572
00:23:16,670 --> 00:23:15,220
an extreme detail the distribution of

573
00:23:18,930 --> 00:23:16,680
phyllosilicates on the Martian surface

574
00:23:20,760 --> 00:23:18,940
once again is about 11 kilometers across

575
00:23:22,200 --> 00:23:20,770
this is an area called newly fausse

576
00:23:25,440 --> 00:23:22,210
which has also high olivene

577
00:23:28,080 --> 00:23:25,450
concentration surfaces but essentially

578
00:23:29,580 --> 00:23:28,090
the phyllosilicates Milwaukee are found

579
00:23:32,790 --> 00:23:29,590
in Milwaukee and terrains the older

580
00:23:34,470 --> 00:23:32,800
terrains and remember that the

581
00:23:37,080 --> 00:23:34,480
phyllosilicates required generally a

582
00:23:39,060 --> 00:23:37,090
moderate to high pH of water to form and

583
00:23:41,910 --> 00:23:39,070
they will not necessarily form in an

584
00:23:43,200 --> 00:23:41,920
acidic environment otherwise the

585
00:23:44,730 --> 00:23:43,210
formation environment remains actually

586
00:23:46,230 --> 00:23:44,740
quite unclear and that's one of the

587
00:23:49,020 --> 00:23:46,240
concerns for the Mars Science Laboratory

588
00:23:51,060 --> 00:23:49,030
landing sites a lot of them are proposed

589
00:23:53,310 --> 00:23:51,070
to be in phyllosilicate rich terrains

590
00:23:56,010 --> 00:23:53,320
and yet one of the problems has been

591
00:23:59,190 --> 00:23:56,020
getting the geologic context of exactly

592
00:24:00,870 --> 00:23:59,200
what was going on was this a surface or

593
00:24:03,150 --> 00:24:00,880
subsurface formation environment and

594
00:24:04,890 --> 00:24:03,160
things like that and then the

595
00:24:07,500 --> 00:24:04,900
concentrations all those it shows oh

596
00:24:10,860 --> 00:24:07,510
nice you know sort of blood-red high

597
00:24:12,960 --> 00:24:10,870
concentrations the concentrations can

598
00:24:14,730 --> 00:24:12,970
actually be quite small and in most

599
00:24:16,020 --> 00:24:14,740
cases they're probably less than ten or

600
00:24:18,810 --> 00:24:16,030
fifteen percent there's some argument

601
00:24:21,030 --> 00:24:18,820
over the strongest concentrations but in

602
00:24:22,560 --> 00:24:21,040
general they're low concentrations and

603
00:24:23,880 --> 00:24:22,570
one of the reasons we know they're low

604
00:24:26,480 --> 00:24:23,890
is because the third one's red

605
00:24:29,820 --> 00:24:26,490
measurements actually don't detect them

606
00:24:31,530 --> 00:24:29,830
and the major groups is not just ok so

607
00:24:33,030 --> 00:24:31,540
we've identified phyllosilicates but

608
00:24:34,440 --> 00:24:33,040
phyllosilicates if you're a geologist

609
00:24:35,970 --> 00:24:34,450
you know you can split this up into

610
00:24:37,050 --> 00:24:35,980
different groups that phyllosilicates in

611
00:24:39,360 --> 00:24:37,060
each one of those groups can be split up

612
00:24:41,580 --> 00:24:39,370
into even different specific types of

613
00:24:43,530 --> 00:24:41,590
phyllosilicates they've actually

614
00:24:45,450 --> 00:24:43,540
identified elides chlorides kaolin I'd

615
00:24:47,040 --> 00:24:45,460
serpentines and smack tights I think

616
00:24:50,070 --> 00:24:47,050
it's just the dieter he drilled not this

617
00:24:51,600 --> 00:24:50,080
tri octahedral spec tights but a variety

618
00:24:53,190 --> 00:24:51,610
of different phyllosilicates have been

619
00:24:54,960 --> 00:24:53,200
found which indicate different source

620
00:24:57,660 --> 00:24:54,970
compositions or even different formation

621
00:24:59,370 --> 00:24:57,670
conditions and this gives us sort of a

622
00:25:01,529 --> 00:24:59,380
global distribution of what's been found

623
00:25:02,879 --> 00:25:01,539
so these little boxes basic

624
00:25:06,210 --> 00:25:02,889
show where they where they've identified

625
00:25:07,889 --> 00:25:06,220
them however their boxes don't represent

626
00:25:09,599 --> 00:25:07,899
the actual aerial coverage the actual

627
00:25:12,950 --> 00:25:09,609
area coverage on the surface is much

628
00:25:15,690 --> 00:25:12,960
much much less than 1% the colors uh

629
00:25:17,099 --> 00:25:15,700
they I don't know precisely there that

630
00:25:19,889 --> 00:25:17,109
essentially they're describing the

631
00:25:22,739 --> 00:25:19,899
different types here although I don't

632
00:25:24,899 --> 00:25:22,749
really I'm sorry its topography altitude

633
00:25:27,119 --> 00:25:24,909
oh the color of the yes this is a

634
00:25:28,649 --> 00:25:27,129
topographic map in the background okay

635
00:25:33,060 --> 00:25:28,659
sorry I met you I thought you meant the

636
00:25:35,669 --> 00:25:33,070
colors of the boxes so yeah the

637
00:25:39,320 --> 00:25:35,679
volcanoes olympus mons starts its

638
00:25:42,719 --> 00:25:39,330
volcanoes and such and alex Ryanair's

639
00:25:45,269 --> 00:25:42,729
second composition sulfates this is a

640
00:25:48,119 --> 00:25:45,279
picture from the pan cam on in meridiani

641
00:25:50,430 --> 00:25:48,129
i think this is victoria crater showing

642
00:25:52,680 --> 00:25:50,440
the outcrops rocks that i'm sure you've

643
00:25:56,129 --> 00:25:52,690
all seen pictures of beautifully cross

644
00:25:58,529 --> 00:25:56,139
fitted essentially sandstones and these

645
00:26:02,849 --> 00:25:58,539
are chock-full of sulfates as well as

646
00:26:05,789 --> 00:26:02,859
Pyrrhic scenes in silica and and belts

647
00:26:07,080 --> 00:26:05,799
bars but essentially we see lots and

648
00:26:11,279 --> 00:26:07,090
lots of sulfates in places like

649
00:26:13,200 --> 00:26:11,289
meridiani and there's many occurrences

650
00:26:15,479 --> 00:26:13,210
within equatorial layered deposits

651
00:26:17,399 --> 00:26:15,489
throughout sort of the Valles Marineris

652
00:26:20,460 --> 00:26:17,409
region to Mars throughout grade yani

653
00:26:23,039 --> 00:26:20,470
region essentially there's sort of they

654
00:26:26,009 --> 00:26:23,049
occur widespread even if they're sort of

655
00:26:28,019 --> 00:26:26,019
isolated throughout equatorial mars with

656
00:26:29,999 --> 00:26:28,029
one exception of this really strong

657
00:26:32,399 --> 00:26:30,009
deposit that they found right next to

658
00:26:34,349 --> 00:26:32,409
the north polar cap so you don't see

659
00:26:36,419 --> 00:26:34,359
sulfates anywhere outside of equatorial

660
00:26:39,659 --> 00:26:36,429
Mars except for right next to the polar

661
00:26:42,180 --> 00:26:39,669
cap and what is doing there and why it's

662
00:26:44,729 --> 00:26:42,190
there it's sort of anybody's guess at

663
00:26:46,560 --> 00:26:44,739
this point so the competitions include

664
00:26:49,229 --> 00:26:46,570
various hydration states of calcium and

665
00:26:51,359 --> 00:26:49,239
magnesium sulfate indicating different

666
00:26:52,830 --> 00:26:51,369
cations and basically the hydration

667
00:26:54,389 --> 00:26:52,840
state is very sensitive to the

668
00:26:55,889 --> 00:26:54,399
temperature environment so you can

669
00:26:58,349 --> 00:26:55,899
basically get out what the history of

670
00:27:01,349 --> 00:26:58,359
this of the sulfates have been in recent

671
00:27:02,519 --> 00:27:01,359
climate history and of course as I show

672
00:27:04,859 --> 00:27:02,529
they're found by rovers in both

673
00:27:06,389 --> 00:27:04,869
meridiani and ingu said and what's

674
00:27:08,129 --> 00:27:06,399
really interesting is despite the

675
00:27:10,589 --> 00:27:08,139
widespread high concentrations of

676
00:27:12,539 --> 00:27:10,599
sulfates that you see in meridiani we're

677
00:27:14,790 --> 00:27:12,549
talking thirty or forty percent in some

678
00:27:16,860 --> 00:27:14,800
cases they're not detected for more

679
00:27:18,360 --> 00:27:16,870
it we're confident that they're there

680
00:27:19,770 --> 00:27:18,370
and yet you can't see them from the

681
00:27:23,430 --> 00:27:19,780
spectrometers from orbit even though it

682
00:27:25,140 --> 00:27:23,440
can be resolved so that's one note of

683
00:27:27,330 --> 00:27:25,150
caution about when you look at the

684
00:27:29,490 --> 00:27:27,340
orbital data when you're not seeing

685
00:27:32,310 --> 00:27:29,500
something it's not necessarily telling

686
00:27:34,140 --> 00:27:32,320
you much and in the case of Meridian

687
00:27:36,180 --> 00:27:34,150
Gusev it's the only detection of jura

688
00:27:38,550 --> 00:27:36,190
site which is an iron sulfate which

689
00:27:40,290 --> 00:27:38,560
indicates acidic conditions so when you

690
00:27:41,880 --> 00:27:40,300
see sulfates you don't necessarily think

691
00:27:45,060 --> 00:27:41,890
okay this had to be an acidic

692
00:27:47,040 --> 00:27:45,070
environment you can form calcium

693
00:27:49,350 --> 00:27:47,050
magnesium sulfate sand slightly in

694
00:27:50,970 --> 00:27:49,360
relatively normal environments but when

695
00:27:52,380 --> 00:27:50,980
you have things like iron sulfate is

696
00:27:54,360 --> 00:27:52,390
when you can start to say something

697
00:27:56,910 --> 00:27:54,370
about the actual aqueous conditions in

698
00:28:00,900 --> 00:27:56,920
terms of the pH what's the best guess as

699
00:28:03,690 --> 00:28:00,910
to why you don't see any more I'm I'm at

700
00:28:05,070 --> 00:28:03,700
a complete loss actually I I really

701
00:28:07,560 --> 00:28:05,080
don't know I mean you can always argue

702
00:28:08,820 --> 00:28:07,570
textures or particle sizes or you know

703
00:28:11,340 --> 00:28:08,830
interference from other different

704
00:28:15,930 --> 00:28:11,350
compositions but it's that's all hand

705
00:28:20,010 --> 00:28:15,940
waving and then finally the the third

706
00:28:24,090 --> 00:28:20,020
type is ferric oxide and as simple as

707
00:28:26,040 --> 00:28:24,100
you can put is Mars is red there's we

708
00:28:27,630 --> 00:28:26,050
that's been known for a long time you

709
00:28:29,580 --> 00:28:27,640
see that red that red color of the

710
00:28:32,370 --> 00:28:29,590
surface it looks like rust Mars is sort

711
00:28:33,660 --> 00:28:32,380
of in a way Rusted but one of the

712
00:28:35,190 --> 00:28:33,670
interesting things is that the actual

713
00:28:36,930 --> 00:28:35,200
weathering process actually remains a

714
00:28:39,450 --> 00:28:36,940
little bit unclear you have these

715
00:28:41,490 --> 00:28:39,460
ubiquitous nanophase iron oxide it

716
00:28:44,670 --> 00:28:41,500
generally implies very limited amount of

717
00:28:46,200 --> 00:28:44,680
liquid wealth of liquid water and one of

718
00:28:47,970 --> 00:28:46,210
the questions is how much water is

719
00:28:49,590 --> 00:28:47,980
necessary can you get ads orbed layers

720
00:28:51,750 --> 00:28:49,600
that actually make this process occurred

721
00:28:53,280 --> 00:28:51,760
you have to have like actual amounts of

722
00:28:56,160 --> 00:28:53,290
liquid water or can this be in a bone

723
00:28:59,940 --> 00:28:56,170
dry environment and it's actually still

724
00:29:01,710 --> 00:28:59,950
not really well known so there's our

725
00:29:03,960 --> 00:29:01,720
three compositions that have been

726
00:29:06,780 --> 00:29:03,970
proposed as sort of describing the

727
00:29:09,390 --> 00:29:06,790
global aqueous and a compositional

728
00:29:10,860 --> 00:29:09,400
Anchorage history but essentially i'm

729
00:29:13,110 --> 00:29:10,870
going to go over some other things that

730
00:29:15,120 --> 00:29:13,120
you can add to this and i would argue

731
00:29:20,160 --> 00:29:15,130
that there's a lot to add to this this

732
00:29:23,130 --> 00:29:20,170
history so the first one hematite which

733
00:29:24,630 --> 00:29:23,140
i mentioned before and this is this is

734
00:29:25,360 --> 00:29:24,640
as well as you can do with the test data

735
00:29:28,650 --> 00:29:25,370
into

736
00:29:31,500 --> 00:29:28,660
the mapping the detailed distribution

737
00:29:33,700 --> 00:29:31,510
key mikhay is a relatively unique

738
00:29:35,290 --> 00:29:33,710
composition those blueberries that you

739
00:29:37,840 --> 00:29:35,300
see at the meridiani site that's the

740
00:29:39,130 --> 00:29:37,850
source of the hematite and the current

741
00:29:41,740 --> 00:29:39,140
is in a bunch of different areas

742
00:29:43,150 --> 00:29:41,750
meridiani air Moorea man que haces Oh

743
00:29:45,430 --> 00:29:43,160
Pierre and Kendrick as much as well as

744
00:29:46,840 --> 00:29:45,440
he beats casma they all have identical

745
00:29:48,640 --> 00:29:46,850
spectral signatures and they're all

746
00:29:50,770 --> 00:29:48,650
associated with a more extensive sulfate

747
00:29:52,870 --> 00:29:50,780
rich deposits so these are layered

748
00:29:55,600 --> 00:29:52,880
terrains and the hematite seems to be

749
00:29:58,630 --> 00:29:55,610
associated with a relatively thin layer

750
00:30:01,740 --> 00:29:58,640
of maybe 50 or 100 meters within a much

751
00:30:03,940 --> 00:30:01,750
more extensive stack of deposit and so

752
00:30:06,040 --> 00:30:03,950
I'm not sure anybody really knows what

753
00:30:07,690 --> 00:30:06,050
means but in terms of what it seems to

754
00:30:09,820 --> 00:30:07,700
be saying to me is that this might be

755
00:30:11,680 --> 00:30:09,830
indicating periodic episodes of a unique

756
00:30:14,169 --> 00:30:11,690
aqueous chemistry throughout much much

757
00:30:17,919 --> 00:30:14,179
Martian history because these different

758
00:30:20,110 --> 00:30:17,929
areas seem to span quite an age quite a

759
00:30:25,960 --> 00:30:20,120
range of ages from late Milwaukee into

760
00:30:27,669 --> 00:30:25,970
early Amazonian silica there was a

761
00:30:30,820 --> 00:30:27,679
article that just came out in geology

762
00:30:33,280 --> 00:30:30,830
this month on the discovery of hydrated

763
00:30:35,799 --> 00:30:33,290
silica on Mars which we've discovered a

764
00:30:38,140 --> 00:30:35,809
number of times over at this point we

765
00:30:40,270 --> 00:30:38,150
have silica phases in a variety of forms

766
00:30:43,030 --> 00:30:40,280
from courts to hydrated or dehydrated

767
00:30:46,330 --> 00:30:43,040
amorphous silica in terms of coatings

768
00:30:48,070 --> 00:30:46,340
are actually bulk compositions and they

769
00:30:49,870 --> 00:30:48,080
seem to be forming in a variety of

770
00:30:51,970 --> 00:30:49,880
different geological situations in

771
00:30:54,400 --> 00:30:51,980
different locations home plate at Gusev

772
00:30:56,380 --> 00:30:54,410
crater western Hellas Basin Radeon e

773
00:30:58,299 --> 00:30:56,390
northern lowland sirs major nidal Cirrus

774
00:31:02,290 --> 00:30:58,309
men's a Valles Marineris and the list

775
00:31:04,990 --> 00:31:02,300
will probably continue to grow and they

776
00:31:06,730 --> 00:31:05,000
seem to fall into several two categories

777
00:31:09,250 --> 00:31:06,740
if I wanted to categorize them when one

778
00:31:11,980 --> 00:31:09,260
is in terms of coatings essentially

779
00:31:13,870 --> 00:31:11,990
silica coatings tend to form and it's

780
00:31:15,430 --> 00:31:13,880
very common on desert surfaces to get

781
00:31:17,680 --> 00:31:15,440
basically a coating of more or less

782
00:31:20,200 --> 00:31:17,690
Amorphis silica on any sort of Brock

783
00:31:22,030 --> 00:31:20,210
like a basalt or whatever and then in

784
00:31:25,000 --> 00:31:22,040
other area in other situations you'll

785
00:31:26,860 --> 00:31:25,010
see high concentrations this is silica

786
00:31:28,540 --> 00:31:26,870
in the Columbia Hills this is basically

787
00:31:32,070 --> 00:31:28,550
the rover dug up some stuff that was

788
00:31:34,960 --> 00:31:32,080
buried ninety percent by weight sio 2

789
00:31:36,649 --> 00:31:34,970
which pretty much indicates that you

790
00:31:39,349 --> 00:31:36,659
have much more extensive aqueous

791
00:31:40,700 --> 00:31:39,359
tivity you have these yellow deposits

792
00:31:42,769 --> 00:31:40,710
here this is in western Hellas Basin

793
00:31:46,460 --> 00:31:42,779
where as best as we can tell us about

794
00:31:48,080 --> 00:31:46,470
75% high silica phases which indicates a

795
00:31:51,830 --> 00:31:48,090
surface that's probably on the order of

796
00:31:55,310 --> 00:31:51,840
80 to 85 to 90 percent silica content

797
00:31:57,499 --> 00:31:55,320
and so these deposits indicate that it's

798
00:32:00,229 --> 00:31:57,509
not just a coating it's probably a much

799
00:32:02,060 --> 00:32:00,239
much more extensive aqueous activity in

800
00:32:06,710 --> 00:32:02,070
some cases this is the best guess is a

801
00:32:09,859 --> 00:32:06,720
hydrothermal deposit at Gusev another

802
00:32:12,339 --> 00:32:09,869
composition zeolites as well as I can

803
00:32:17,320 --> 00:32:12,349
describe it hydrated techno silicates

804
00:32:20,749 --> 00:32:17,330
essentially basically you you take a

805
00:32:22,669 --> 00:32:20,759
framework silicate and add water to the

806
00:32:24,739 --> 00:32:22,679
structure and that's what zeolites tend

807
00:32:26,659 --> 00:32:24,749
to be there usually found in altered

808
00:32:28,659 --> 00:32:26,669
volcanics and they usually form from

809
00:32:30,889 --> 00:32:28,669
interaction with alkaline groundwater

810
00:32:33,469 --> 00:32:30,899
and there's a whole slew of different

811
00:32:35,029 --> 00:32:33,479
zeolite compositions and what's

812
00:32:37,489 --> 00:32:35,039
interesting is that even though it's

813
00:32:38,830 --> 00:32:37,499
it's own class of mineral type and it's

814
00:32:41,029 --> 00:32:38,840
been seen in a number of locations

815
00:32:43,580 --> 00:32:41,039
nobody's really done a whole lot on it

816
00:32:45,049 --> 00:32:43,590
yet there's a little bit that's been

817
00:32:46,999 --> 00:32:45,059
mentioned decides the presence and

818
00:32:48,080 --> 00:32:47,009
you'll read these papers it's like okay

819
00:32:49,969 --> 00:32:48,090
here's the zeolites in the

820
00:32:51,229 --> 00:32:49,979
phyllosilicates or whatever and they

821
00:32:53,119 --> 00:32:51,239
don't tend to dwell on the zeolites

822
00:32:55,820 --> 00:32:53,129
maybe because we don't know what to say

823
00:32:56,989 --> 00:32:55,830
about it yet once again this is that

824
00:33:00,499 --> 00:32:56,999
crater with the quartz and feldspar

825
00:33:02,450 --> 00:33:00,509
surface but hydrated silica and up on

826
00:33:04,399 --> 00:33:02,460
the central peak you can see basically

827
00:33:07,279 --> 00:33:04,409
high concentrations of those zeolites

828
00:33:14,269 --> 00:33:07,289
that are present so yet another

829
00:33:16,849 --> 00:33:14,279
compositional type carbonates so we're

830
00:33:20,080 --> 00:33:16,859
going through the list and I'm going to

831
00:33:24,979 --> 00:33:20,090
get tired of talking at some point I

832
00:33:26,960 --> 00:33:24,989
this is in the in the moderate to high

833
00:33:28,909 --> 00:33:26,970
albedo regions of Mars there's a

834
00:33:30,879 --> 00:33:28,919
spectral feature in the test data and

835
00:33:33,349 --> 00:33:30,889
it's this spectral feature right here

836
00:33:35,269 --> 00:33:33,359
essentially carbonates have a strong

837
00:33:37,909 --> 00:33:35,279
absorption at seven microns and in the

838
00:33:39,259 --> 00:33:37,919
fine grain particulates it's actually

839
00:33:41,629 --> 00:33:39,269
sort of like throwing a little bit of

840
00:33:43,570 --> 00:33:41,639
black carbon snow you can make a very

841
00:33:47,210 --> 00:33:43,580
big effect with a very little amount of

842
00:33:49,099 --> 00:33:47,220
the substance and you have the solar

843
00:33:50,159 --> 00:33:49,109
shoulder here which is very diagnostic

844
00:33:52,950 --> 00:33:50,169
of the present

845
00:33:55,259 --> 00:33:52,960
so carbonates mixed in with silicates or

846
00:33:56,489 --> 00:33:55,269
oxide or other materials and the dust

847
00:34:00,509 --> 00:33:56,499
factor indicate about two to five

848
00:34:02,489 --> 00:34:00,519
percent carbonate bye-bye wait and this

849
00:34:04,440 --> 00:34:02,499
distribution is ubiquitous so basically

850
00:34:05,879 --> 00:34:04,450
throughout all of Mars on them all

851
00:34:07,200 --> 00:34:05,889
moderate to high albedo regions but

852
00:34:08,970 --> 00:34:07,210
you're sensitive to this type of thing

853
00:34:11,760 --> 00:34:08,980
we see a little bit of carbonates and

854
00:34:13,379 --> 00:34:11,770
what's really interesting is that the

855
00:34:15,629 --> 00:34:13,389
Phoenix lander is one of these areas

856
00:34:16,950 --> 00:34:15,639
that shows this type of signature and

857
00:34:19,470 --> 00:34:16,960
what's been coming out in the last

858
00:34:21,480 --> 00:34:19,480
couple weeks is that they're seeing what

859
00:34:23,039 --> 00:34:21,490
do you know a couple of weight percent

860
00:34:24,510 --> 00:34:23,049
of carbonates if I remember right there

861
00:34:27,510 --> 00:34:24,520
actually sangs are like five to ten

862
00:34:29,159 --> 00:34:27,520
percent but it's showing similar results

863
00:34:31,760 --> 00:34:29,169
which I'm very happy to hear because

864
00:34:34,740 --> 00:34:31,770
it's it seems to be a pretty consistent

865
00:34:36,750 --> 00:34:34,750
so one thing about the carbonates the

866
00:34:38,909 --> 00:34:36,760
presence of carbonates and I was arguing

867
00:34:41,309 --> 00:34:38,919
with Conway last week about this but I'd

868
00:34:43,349 --> 00:34:41,319
like to push the whole atmosphere buffer

869
00:34:44,909 --> 00:34:43,359
mechanism essentially if you have a

870
00:34:47,339 --> 00:34:44,919
carbon dioxide atmosphere and you have

871
00:34:49,020 --> 00:34:47,349
other unweathered materials what you're

872
00:34:50,460 --> 00:34:49,030
going to do is draw down the co2 from

873
00:34:52,079 --> 00:34:50,470
the atmosphere when you whether those

874
00:34:54,780 --> 00:34:52,089
materials to form the carbonates and

875
00:34:56,669 --> 00:34:54,790
that mechanism will proceed until liquid

876
00:34:57,930 --> 00:34:56,679
water is no longer stable and then that

877
00:35:00,930 --> 00:34:57,940
will shut off or slowed down

878
00:35:03,270 --> 00:35:00,940
considerably so it's a nice it sounds

879
00:35:05,069 --> 00:35:03,280
nice at least it's a nice I I like that

880
00:35:06,930 --> 00:35:05,079
hypothesis is put forward by Ralph com

881
00:35:08,690 --> 00:35:06,940
way back in nineteen eighty-five to sort

882
00:35:11,280 --> 00:35:08,700
of explain why the Martian atmosphere is

883
00:35:22,230 --> 00:35:11,290
close to the triple point of water as it

884
00:35:23,970 --> 00:35:22,240
is right now see ya yeah okay widespread

885
00:35:27,120 --> 00:35:23,980
dissolution of olivene this is sort of

886
00:35:29,190 --> 00:35:27,130
almost a negative result of one thing

887
00:35:31,410 --> 00:35:29,200
that we're seeing across the planet in a

888
00:35:34,440 --> 00:35:31,420
lot of different locations and it's best

889
00:35:36,599 --> 00:35:34,450
it's best shown at Gusev crater this is

890
00:35:38,940 --> 00:35:36,609
the rock called Adirondack the

891
00:35:41,670 --> 00:35:38,950
Adirondack on the interior has a high

892
00:35:43,200 --> 00:35:41,680
olivene content the exterior has a

893
00:35:46,260 --> 00:35:43,210
weathering ryan with a low alving

894
00:35:49,349 --> 00:35:46,270
content and all the rocks in this region

895
00:35:51,120 --> 00:35:49,359
all have the same composition they're

896
00:35:53,760 --> 00:35:51,130
all Adirondack class rocks throughout

897
00:35:55,589 --> 00:35:53,770
the South Plains not in the Columbia

898
00:35:59,130 --> 00:35:55,599
Hills but throughout the plains now the

899
00:36:01,200 --> 00:35:59,140
soils basically have very low olivene

900
00:36:02,560 --> 00:36:01,210
contents and so there's a progression of

901
00:36:05,320 --> 00:36:02,570
high olivene content

902
00:36:08,170 --> 00:36:05,330
tulo olivene content and this is

903
00:36:10,180 --> 00:36:08,180
indicating that well all of you is going

904
00:36:11,860 --> 00:36:10,190
away as you're prettier basically

905
00:36:14,590 --> 00:36:11,870
mechanically processing this stuff from

906
00:36:16,690 --> 00:36:14,600
rocks into soils and we see the same

907
00:36:18,420 --> 00:36:16,700
pattern over and over again the cross

908
00:36:21,760 --> 00:36:18,430
Mars where you have high inertia

909
00:36:25,150 --> 00:36:21,770
basically rocky surfaces that have high

910
00:36:26,890 --> 00:36:25,160
lavigne contents in the surrounding the

911
00:36:30,250 --> 00:36:26,900
surrounding soils have low olivene

912
00:36:32,280 --> 00:36:30,260
contents and this is this is consistent

913
00:36:35,800 --> 00:36:32,290
with basically limited amounts of water

914
00:36:39,430 --> 00:36:35,810
dissolving away the the olivine

915
00:36:42,730 --> 00:36:39,440
informing iron oxide silica and sulfates

916
00:36:43,870 --> 00:36:42,740
and what's interesting about this is

917
00:36:46,660 --> 00:36:43,880
this actually might be a widespread

918
00:36:48,190 --> 00:36:46,670
process and it's sort of a global

919
00:36:52,440 --> 00:36:48,200
process and yet it's not really

920
00:36:55,570 --> 00:36:52,450
recognized as as a as a process which it

921
00:36:57,070 --> 00:36:55,580
it's not recognized that that water has

922
00:36:58,720 --> 00:36:57,080
played much of a role across much of

923
00:37:00,880 --> 00:36:58,730
Mars surface we're usually focused on

924
00:37:02,470 --> 00:37:00,890
these isolated phyllosilicates or

925
00:37:05,050 --> 00:37:02,480
sulfates sites and yet this might be

926
00:37:10,240 --> 00:37:05,060
actually much much more common than what

927
00:37:12,070 --> 00:37:10,250
we realized chlorine distributions and

928
00:37:14,410 --> 00:37:12,080
this is okay so getting away from

929
00:37:16,300 --> 00:37:14,420
spectroscopy a little from the visible

930
00:37:18,190 --> 00:37:16,310
to thermal infrared spectroscopy in

931
00:37:19,960 --> 00:37:18,200
going and looking at the gamma ray

932
00:37:20,860 --> 00:37:19,970
spectrometer this is an orbital

933
00:37:23,320 --> 00:37:20,870
instrument on the Mars Odyssey

934
00:37:25,330 --> 00:37:23,330
spacecraft and it gets elemental

935
00:37:27,880 --> 00:37:25,340
composition sort of six hundred

936
00:37:30,010 --> 00:37:27,890
kilometer resolution it's better at some

937
00:37:32,920 --> 00:37:30,020
elements and others one of the elements

938
00:37:35,340 --> 00:37:32,930
it does very very well with high signal

939
00:37:38,020 --> 00:37:35,350
annoys and resolution is chlorine and

940
00:37:40,270 --> 00:37:38,030
there are some strange chlorine

941
00:37:46,540 --> 00:37:40,280
anomalies basically strong chlorine

942
00:37:48,700 --> 00:37:46,550
chlorine surfaces with high a couple

943
00:37:51,000 --> 00:37:48,710
percent basically a couple percent above

944
00:37:53,380 --> 00:37:51,010
the background chlorine abundances

945
00:37:57,640 --> 00:37:53,390
covering relatively large areas of the

946
00:37:59,350 --> 00:37:57,650
planet and so the highest concentrations

947
00:38:02,440 --> 00:37:59,360
happen to be coincident with the Medusa

948
00:38:04,240 --> 00:38:02,450
pase formation which is basis you can

949
00:38:06,610 --> 00:38:04,250
actually see it topographically on the

950
00:38:08,460 --> 00:38:06,620
map some of these mounds here are parts

951
00:38:12,100 --> 00:38:08,470
of the Medusa phosphate formation and

952
00:38:15,010 --> 00:38:12,110
that these are are coincident with this

953
00:38:15,830 --> 00:38:15,020
formation that generally gives us the

954
00:38:18,530 --> 00:38:15,840
impression of being

955
00:38:20,900 --> 00:38:18,540
in a vast ash deposit volcanic ash and

956
00:38:22,760 --> 00:38:20,910
so the question is is this a product of

957
00:38:25,640 --> 00:38:22,770
a unique alteration or is it a unique

958
00:38:28,010 --> 00:38:25,650
source composition and we don't know one

959
00:38:30,560 --> 00:38:28,020
or the other but clairee the high

960
00:38:32,450 --> 00:38:30,570
chlorine contents is suggestive of some

961
00:38:35,420 --> 00:38:32,460
kind of aqueous process that could be

962
00:38:39,200 --> 00:38:35,430
occurring regionally on Mars that were

963
00:38:40,580 --> 00:38:39,210
not really detecting otherwise this is

964
00:38:44,120 --> 00:38:40,590
Ron we could you just talk about

965
00:38:47,030 --> 00:38:44,130
chlorine geologically I think salt yeah

966
00:38:50,060 --> 00:38:47,040
and that's why that's generally what you

967
00:38:55,430 --> 00:38:50,070
would think is a assaults like hey light

968
00:38:59,300 --> 00:38:55,440
table salt or whatever evaporates it is

969
00:39:01,730 --> 00:38:59,310
coming um not common because it's so

970
00:39:03,260 --> 00:39:01,740
soluble it's it'll dissolve away really

971
00:39:05,480 --> 00:39:03,270
quickly and then the only way that you

972
00:39:07,550 --> 00:39:05,490
get much out of it is when you evaporate

973
00:39:10,760 --> 00:39:07,560
the water away and you get you'll get

974
00:39:16,310 --> 00:39:10,770
the salt deposits Charlotte will correct

975
00:39:17,990 --> 00:39:16,320
me later on probably but another thing

976
00:39:19,220 --> 00:39:18,000
out of the gamma ray spectrometer suite

977
00:39:21,680 --> 00:39:19,230
of instruments this is actually from the

978
00:39:23,870 --> 00:39:21,690
neutron spectrometer equatorial regions

979
00:39:26,240 --> 00:39:23,880
are showing areas that are equivalent to

980
00:39:27,620 --> 00:39:26,250
I can't remember the number of sort of

981
00:39:32,720 --> 00:39:27,630
fifteen to twenty percent by weight

982
00:39:34,640 --> 00:39:32,730
water that might up to so basically in

983
00:39:38,750 --> 00:39:34,650
equatorial regions we're getting high

984
00:39:40,220 --> 00:39:38,760
hydrogen signals and from the

985
00:39:41,780 --> 00:39:40,230
measurements there indicating that

986
00:39:44,030 --> 00:39:41,790
they're probably buried a couple of

987
00:39:46,970 --> 00:39:44,040
centimeters and what's interesting about

988
00:39:49,340 --> 00:39:46,980
this is in equatorial Mars water ice is

989
00:39:50,750 --> 00:39:49,350
not at all stable it's not going to

990
00:39:52,690 --> 00:39:50,760
stick around for a long wait a long

991
00:39:55,850 --> 00:39:52,700
while you can probably constructs its

992
00:39:57,590 --> 00:39:55,860
situations where you can actually seal

993
00:40:00,470 --> 00:39:57,600
it off and keep it from evaporating out

994
00:40:02,690 --> 00:40:00,480
to the atmosphere but under I think most

995
00:40:04,850 --> 00:40:02,700
people generally agree that essentially

996
00:40:06,650 --> 00:40:04,860
this is consistent with hydrated

997
00:40:09,350 --> 00:40:06,660
mineralogy so if you had a hydrated

998
00:40:11,870 --> 00:40:09,360
magnesium sulfate for example or even

999
00:40:13,580 --> 00:40:11,880
zeolites or phyllosilicates the most

1000
00:40:16,760 --> 00:40:13,590
consistent is very hydrated magnesium

1001
00:40:19,160 --> 00:40:16,770
sulfate so you have this vast area of

1002
00:40:22,880 --> 00:40:19,170
Mars this is you know thousands of

1003
00:40:24,680 --> 00:40:22,890
kilometers in diameter here and it's by

1004
00:40:26,390 --> 00:40:24,690
far the most extensive deposit of

1005
00:40:28,340 --> 00:40:26,400
hydrated minerals if you do buy that

1006
00:40:28,910 --> 00:40:28,350
argument and what's really interesting

1007
00:40:30,500 --> 00:40:28,920
about

1008
00:40:33,770 --> 00:40:30,510
this is we're not detecting any of it

1009
00:40:35,270 --> 00:40:33,780
from orbit with with the with the

1010
00:40:38,560 --> 00:40:35,280
reflectance or thermal infrared

1011
00:40:40,280 --> 00:40:38,570
spectrometers so we see this huge water

1012
00:40:41,840 --> 00:40:40,290
deposit that we're associating with

1013
00:40:44,060 --> 00:40:41,850
hydrated mineralogy is that we're not

1014
00:40:46,160 --> 00:40:44,070
detecting by beep via any other needs

1015
00:40:47,870 --> 00:40:46,170
and one of the things that makes you

1016
00:40:49,700 --> 00:40:47,880
thurs think about this being more

1017
00:40:53,300 --> 00:40:49,710
extensive is this is often the Columbia

1018
00:40:55,070 --> 00:40:53,310
Hills and as you drag that Rover one of

1019
00:40:57,110 --> 00:40:55,080
the wheels isn't working very well and

1020
00:41:01,640 --> 00:40:57,120
it basically kicks up and stirs up all

1021
00:41:04,550 --> 00:41:01,650
the the soil and things the before this

1022
00:41:07,580 --> 00:41:04,560
was chewed up it looked like the rest of

1023
00:41:09,560 --> 00:41:07,590
the surface here and after they drove by

1024
00:41:11,090 --> 00:41:09,570
it there's all this bright material and

1025
00:41:14,000 --> 00:41:11,100
as bright material is extremely

1026
00:41:15,290 --> 00:41:14,010
sulfur-rich it's basically sulfates that

1027
00:41:18,140 --> 00:41:15,300
were just buried right underneath the

1028
00:41:19,610 --> 00:41:18,150
surface and not at all seen before they

1029
00:41:22,700 --> 00:41:19,620
kicked up that and stirred up the

1030
00:41:24,830 --> 00:41:22,710
surface and so it looks like you can

1031
00:41:26,900 --> 00:41:24,840
bury things on ours just a few

1032
00:41:28,280 --> 00:41:26,910
centimeters and very extensively and

1033
00:41:32,570 --> 00:41:28,290
we're not really quite sure what that

1034
00:41:34,940 --> 00:41:32,580
process would be okay a couple more

1035
00:41:36,200 --> 00:41:34,950
things Columbia Hills so in general I

1036
00:41:38,930 --> 00:41:36,210
just wanted to talk about the Columbia

1037
00:41:42,290 --> 00:41:38,940
Hill to Gusev crater and this is from

1038
00:41:44,960 --> 00:41:42,300
Ming at all and this is the Douglas Ming

1039
00:41:47,480 --> 00:41:44,970
and this is Dick Morris at all from 2006

1040
00:41:49,280 --> 00:41:47,490
this is dick Morris's classification

1041
00:41:50,990 --> 00:41:49,290
scheme for Gusev crater rocks so we're

1042
00:41:54,530 --> 00:41:51,000
looking at just a couple hundred meters

1043
00:41:56,930 --> 00:41:54,540
of a traverse on the Columbia Hills and

1044
00:41:58,640 --> 00:41:56,940
all of a sudden we have a derp on that

1045
00:42:01,150 --> 00:41:58,650
class piece class back state class

1046
00:42:05,090 --> 00:42:01,160
Clovis wish stone and so on and so forth

1047
00:42:06,770 --> 00:42:05,100
with all of these different basically

1048
00:42:08,810 --> 00:42:06,780
elemental compositions that indicate

1049
00:42:11,000 --> 00:42:08,820
from minor alteration to highly altered

1050
00:42:13,100 --> 00:42:11,010
basically we have this huge variety of

1051
00:42:15,290 --> 00:42:13,110
different rock types indicating

1052
00:42:17,960 --> 00:42:15,300
different types of alteration all within

1053
00:42:19,820 --> 00:42:17,970
this tiny little area within a little

1054
00:42:21,860 --> 00:42:19,830
spot on Mars that we don't detect it all

1055
00:42:23,720 --> 00:42:21,870
from orbit so this is almost as if you

1056
00:42:25,670 --> 00:42:23,730
took the entire complexity of Mars as we

1057
00:42:28,900 --> 00:42:25,680
know it right now put in a blender and

1058
00:42:31,430 --> 00:42:28,910
deposited in the Columbia Hills and

1059
00:42:33,350 --> 00:42:31,440
what's basically what this is is

1060
00:42:35,750 --> 00:42:33,360
basically just sort of a humbling thing

1061
00:42:37,610 --> 00:42:35,760
saying that okay there's all the stuff

1062
00:42:39,320 --> 00:42:37,620
that we're not detecting and this is

1063
00:42:42,069 --> 00:42:39,330
just a glimpse of what might actually be

1064
00:42:47,480 --> 00:42:42,079
going on in Mars

1065
00:42:57,589 --> 00:42:47,490
I'm some that's a good question this is

1066
00:42:59,480 --> 00:42:57,599
sulfur chlorine bromine okay just

1067
00:43:01,190 --> 00:42:59,490
greatly surprising this when we get the

1068
00:43:06,319 --> 00:43:01,200
detail we find out it's really pretty

1069
00:43:08,630 --> 00:43:06,329
complicated I mean um that general trend

1070
00:43:10,849 --> 00:43:08,640
is not surprising but just the vast

1071
00:43:13,730 --> 00:43:10,859
degree of what we've seen in such a

1072
00:43:15,920 --> 00:43:13,740
small area and just the little bit just

1073
00:43:17,420 --> 00:43:15,930
a little our total ignorance from the

1074
00:43:19,520 --> 00:43:17,430
orbital observations that's what's

1075
00:43:21,589 --> 00:43:19,530
surprising i think just they explore the

1076
00:43:25,160 --> 00:43:21,599
extremeness of it or another way to ask

1077
00:43:28,760 --> 00:43:25,170
you for a typical area of the earth is

1078
00:43:30,349 --> 00:43:28,770
it less variety um you know nurse we

1079
00:43:32,960 --> 00:43:30,359
compared all the time the first round

1080
00:43:35,829 --> 00:43:32,970
truce vote improvements satellite stuff

1081
00:43:38,359 --> 00:43:35,839
well it matters where on earth I

1082
00:43:39,829 --> 00:43:38,369
actually would argue that in general if

1083
00:43:40,730 --> 00:43:39,839
you took any piece of ground on there if

1084
00:43:43,190 --> 00:43:40,740
you're not going to come across

1085
00:43:46,130 --> 00:43:43,200
something like this but then again gusev

1086
00:43:48,559 --> 00:43:46,140
was a really dull place until they

1087
00:43:51,170 --> 00:43:48,569
actually got to the Columbia Hills so

1088
00:43:53,630 --> 00:43:51,180
it's served like you're walking along

1089
00:43:54,559 --> 00:43:53,640
sort of a valley fill on the earth and

1090
00:43:56,270 --> 00:43:54,569
then all of a sudden you come across

1091
00:43:58,990 --> 00:43:56,280
coop right Nevada with all its

1092
00:44:02,569 --> 00:43:59,000
hydrothermal and other stuff going on

1093
00:44:04,040 --> 00:44:02,579
and um I think I'm at the final

1094
00:44:06,050 --> 00:44:04,050
composition chlorides with a big

1095
00:44:07,609 --> 00:44:06,060
question mark right next to it this has

1096
00:44:09,609 --> 00:44:07,619
been seen with the Themis data it's

1097
00:44:11,870 --> 00:44:09,619
characterized by low emissivity and

1098
00:44:13,579 --> 00:44:11,880
interesting sort of fractured patterns

1099
00:44:15,620 --> 00:44:13,589
and there's hundreds of exposure

1100
00:44:17,480 --> 00:44:15,630
exposures within the joaquin southern

1101
00:44:18,980 --> 00:44:17,490
highlands there's other explanations

1102
00:44:20,630 --> 00:44:18,990
possible i mainly put this up just

1103
00:44:21,800 --> 00:44:20,640
because there is new things coming up

1104
00:44:23,450 --> 00:44:21,810
that we're not understanding that

1105
00:44:27,319 --> 00:44:23,460
actually might be very important part of

1106
00:44:29,780 --> 00:44:27,329
this entire picture however if they are

1107
00:44:32,390 --> 00:44:29,790
chlorides like hey light which is just

1108
00:44:35,329 --> 00:44:32,400
basically table salt that's a whole new

1109
00:44:37,220 --> 00:44:35,339
sort of aqueous class of minerals that's

1110
00:44:42,380 --> 00:44:37,230
sort of a pattern that should be

1111
00:44:44,300 --> 00:44:42,390
recognized throughout Mars okay so let's

1112
00:44:47,390 --> 00:44:44,310
go back to our Martian compositional

1113
00:44:49,640 --> 00:44:47,400
history as it was proposed or call it

1114
00:44:51,079 --> 00:44:49,650
version 100 and we've got our pile of

1115
00:44:53,470 --> 00:44:51,089
silicate salt H and iron three-plus

1116
00:44:55,120 --> 00:44:53,480
weathering and sorry

1117
00:44:56,800 --> 00:44:55,130
this is as best as I can come up with

1118
00:44:59,200 --> 00:44:56,810
and it's it's actually really

1119
00:45:00,609 --> 00:44:59,210
complicated and I'm not I actually don't

1120
00:45:03,070 --> 00:45:00,619
think I understand it very well at this

1121
00:45:05,590 --> 00:45:03,080
point but I'm not sure anybody does so

1122
00:45:07,930 --> 00:45:05,600
if I have to try to make a new version

1123
00:45:09,340 --> 00:45:07,940
of this this is sort of the best thing I

1124
00:45:12,760 --> 00:45:09,350
can do is basically here's my version

1125
00:45:14,500 --> 00:45:12,770
101 where I modify some of these things

1126
00:45:16,570 --> 00:45:14,510
like associated more fish silica with

1127
00:45:17,950 --> 00:45:16,580
the sulfates and silica coatings and

1128
00:45:22,090 --> 00:45:17,960
Allah be weathering with the iron

1129
00:45:23,650 --> 00:45:22,100
three-plus this is sort of basically

1130
00:45:24,940 --> 00:45:23,660
okay yeah this is much much more

1131
00:45:26,349 --> 00:45:24,950
complicated and that's the point it's

1132
00:45:28,810 --> 00:45:26,359
not that you should trust any one of

1133
00:45:30,520 --> 00:45:28,820
these lines because I'm not sure I trust

1134
00:45:32,890 --> 00:45:30,530
myself which is the reason why there's

1135
00:45:35,170 --> 00:45:32,900
so many question marks here but a little

1136
00:45:37,720 --> 00:45:35,180
bit I think I that we do realize is that

1137
00:45:40,870 --> 00:45:37,730
this is this is an entire planet with an

1138
00:45:44,109 --> 00:45:40,880
entire sort of real complicated set of

1139
00:45:46,990 --> 00:45:44,119
different aqueous systems and the next

1140
00:45:51,070 --> 00:45:47,000
point I want to make was basically this

1141
00:45:53,920 --> 00:45:51,080
is point number two variable formation

1142
00:45:56,260 --> 00:45:53,930
environments and there's there tends to

1143
00:45:57,970 --> 00:45:56,270
be this this thinking of okay I'm seeing

1144
00:45:59,470 --> 00:45:57,980
sulfates here so I must not see

1145
00:46:01,180 --> 00:45:59,480
phyllosilicates because they don't form

1146
00:46:03,280 --> 00:46:01,190
in the same conditions in the first

1147
00:46:05,070 --> 00:46:03,290
order that's sort of correct and that's

1148
00:46:07,480 --> 00:46:05,080
actually as well as I understand myself

1149
00:46:11,890 --> 00:46:07,490
but you go out into the real world and

1150
00:46:13,950 --> 00:46:11,900
you see basically phyllosilicates right

1151
00:46:15,940 --> 00:46:13,960
juxtaposed right against sulfates

1152
00:46:19,330 --> 00:46:15,950
phyllosilicates and sulfates are not

1153
00:46:21,460 --> 00:46:19,340
mutually exclusive on or Mars and so

1154
00:46:23,770 --> 00:46:21,470
they can be forming contemporaneously

1155
00:46:26,920 --> 00:46:23,780
and in close proximity than one another

1156
00:46:28,510 --> 00:46:26,930
so this is Alice Baldrige gave me these

1157
00:46:30,580 --> 00:46:28,520
pictures this is like gilmore elf in

1158
00:46:32,440 --> 00:46:30,590
Western Australia out in the middle of

1159
00:46:34,599 --> 00:46:32,450
the lake we have low pH environments

1160
00:46:37,420 --> 00:46:34,609
where we're forming nice beautiful tool

1161
00:46:39,340 --> 00:46:37,430
sulphate crystals and if we go over to

1162
00:46:40,750 --> 00:46:39,350
the edge of the lake we have a moderate

1163
00:46:42,820 --> 00:46:40,760
to high pH environment where we're

1164
00:46:45,550 --> 00:46:42,830
forming phyllosilicate rich materials

1165
00:46:47,500 --> 00:46:45,560
and so this is sort of the type of

1166
00:46:49,510 --> 00:46:47,510
real-world situation that really does

1167
00:46:55,140 --> 00:46:49,520
occur and it's likely to have occurred

1168
00:46:58,359 --> 00:46:55,150
on Mars as well ok so the west and

1169
00:47:00,010 --> 00:46:58,369
hopefully relatively quickly going off

1170
00:47:02,140 --> 00:47:00,020
to linking conditions to have an ability

1171
00:47:04,060 --> 00:47:02,150
and preservation potential so I actually

1172
00:47:06,580 --> 00:47:04,070
want to make this relatively applicable

1173
00:47:07,059 --> 00:47:06,590
to the sort of they ask your biological

1174
00:47:10,989 --> 00:47:07,069
focus

1175
00:47:13,989 --> 00:47:10,999
here and in doing so I want to caution

1176
00:47:16,749 --> 00:47:13,999
you as to what I'm about to say I don't

1177
00:47:20,319 --> 00:47:16,759
typically this is this is where I know

1178
00:47:21,999 --> 00:47:20,329
the least to put it bluntly and so I'm

1179
00:47:23,499 --> 00:47:22,009
learning about this stuff you go to the

1180
00:47:26,079 --> 00:47:23,509
Mars Science Laboratory workshops you

1181
00:47:27,430 --> 00:47:26,089
under they basically that's probably the

1182
00:47:30,459 --> 00:47:27,440
goal of emissions to try to find

1183
00:47:32,670 --> 00:47:30,469
habitability and so I'm learning about

1184
00:47:35,890 --> 00:47:32,680
how the minerals themselves relate to

1185
00:47:39,279 --> 00:47:35,900
what conditions were and then how well

1186
00:47:42,120 --> 00:47:39,289
life would do there NP preserve and so

1187
00:47:44,380 --> 00:47:42,130
the first thing is in habitability is

1188
00:47:46,299 --> 00:47:44,390
okay this is what we've always been told

1189
00:47:47,709 --> 00:47:46,309
liquid water you need liquid water for

1190
00:47:49,299 --> 00:47:47,719
life and so that's the first thing

1191
00:47:50,920 --> 00:47:49,309
that's the first question you asked and

1192
00:47:53,650 --> 00:47:50,930
that one's simple i think i understand

1193
00:47:56,380 --> 00:47:53,660
that one it requires mineralogical

1194
00:47:57,759 --> 00:47:56,390
evidence basically of clay sulfate

1195
00:48:00,459 --> 00:47:57,769
carbonates a lot of the things that i've

1196
00:48:02,049 --> 00:48:00,469
been talking about these things imply

1197
00:48:03,910 --> 00:48:02,059
the longer-term presence of liquid water

1198
00:48:05,589 --> 00:48:03,920
so if we had water washing across the

1199
00:48:07,209 --> 00:48:05,599
surface for a little while you probably

1200
00:48:08,589 --> 00:48:07,219
won't see much of a signature of it but

1201
00:48:09,759 --> 00:48:08,599
if it was around for a long time you can

1202
00:48:11,680 --> 00:48:09,769
dissolve a lot of stuff and when

1203
00:48:14,410 --> 00:48:11,690
precipitated out again whether things

1204
00:48:15,939 --> 00:48:14,420
and the other aspect of this is

1205
00:48:18,579 --> 00:48:15,949
morphological evidence which I'm not

1206
00:48:20,170 --> 00:48:18,589
going to dwell on too much but there's

1207
00:48:22,779 --> 00:48:20,180
plain morphological evidence as well

1208
00:48:24,099 --> 00:48:22,789
built up shorelines channels layers and

1209
00:48:25,870 --> 00:48:24,109
you look for evidence of sustained

1210
00:48:28,299 --> 00:48:25,880
activity let me and ring steam channels

1211
00:48:30,670 --> 00:48:28,309
or sedimentary sequences and optimally

1212
00:48:32,920 --> 00:48:30,680
you'd like to have both and so this is

1213
00:48:36,699 --> 00:48:32,930
ever smelled greater this is interpreted

1214
00:48:39,729 --> 00:48:36,709
as basically reverse topography in a

1215
00:48:42,849 --> 00:48:39,739
built a deposit and their signatures of

1216
00:48:45,549 --> 00:48:42,859
increased hydration along the edges of

1217
00:48:47,289 --> 00:48:45,559
this deposit so this is one of the

1218
00:48:51,849 --> 00:48:47,299
proposed to Mars sanic the Mars Science

1219
00:48:53,849 --> 00:48:51,859
Laboratory walk shops workshop landing

1220
00:48:57,039 --> 00:48:53,859
sites what is reverse in topography

1221
00:48:59,529 --> 00:48:57,049
essentially if he deposited more

1222
00:49:01,059 --> 00:48:59,539
resistant material within a channel and

1223
00:49:04,120 --> 00:49:01,069
then you wrote did all the other stuff

1224
00:49:06,670 --> 00:49:04,130
around it so i er area shows you where a

1225
00:49:11,400 --> 00:49:06,680
stream yes exactly as long as that

1226
00:49:14,249 --> 00:49:11,410
hydrated sulfates if I was so kids um I

1227
00:49:15,910 --> 00:49:14,259
believe it was phyllo silicates

1228
00:49:16,430 --> 00:49:15,920
technically what we're looking at here

1229
00:49:19,910 --> 00:49:16,440
is

1230
00:49:21,470 --> 00:49:19,920
essentially the ralphs Milliken's he

1231
00:49:23,210 --> 00:49:21,480
determines the water content of a

1232
00:49:24,859 --> 00:49:23,220
surface by looking at the 3 micron

1233
00:49:26,359 --> 00:49:24,869
absorption and that's technically what's

1234
00:49:29,510 --> 00:49:26,369
being out here but I think he attributed

1235
00:49:31,040 --> 00:49:29,520
to phyllosilicates these are actually

1236
00:49:34,010 --> 00:49:31,050
quite small abundances they're going

1237
00:49:40,160 --> 00:49:34,020
from like three percent to maybe at the

1238
00:49:41,750 --> 00:49:40,170
most ten percent hydration so taking

1239
00:49:43,700 --> 00:49:41,760
this habitability question and asking

1240
00:49:46,370 --> 00:49:43,710
some of second-order questions or maybe

1241
00:49:48,230 --> 00:49:46,380
first-order questions besides a whole

1242
00:49:50,120 --> 00:49:48,240
liquid water one is you want to look at

1243
00:49:52,609 --> 00:49:50,130
the oxidation pH environment energy

1244
00:49:54,400 --> 00:49:52,619
source nutrients and water activity

1245
00:49:57,920 --> 00:49:54,410
amongst probably many other things and

1246
00:49:59,720 --> 00:49:57,930
Dave Desmarais put this into a nice

1247
00:50:02,150 --> 00:49:59,730
little simplistic thing that I could

1248
00:50:05,150 --> 00:50:02,160
understand and thinking of just what you

1249
00:50:06,950 --> 00:50:05,160
call a habitability box essentially you

1250
00:50:08,300 --> 00:50:06,960
want nutrients but if you have too few

1251
00:50:10,150 --> 00:50:08,310
you'll starve if you have too many

1252
00:50:12,859 --> 00:50:10,160
you'll is basically a toxic environment

1253
00:50:14,450 --> 00:50:12,869
you can't have too much energy well the

1254
00:50:16,970 --> 00:50:14,460
things don't survive very rolling up

1255
00:50:18,349 --> 00:50:16,980
fire but if there's no energy to harness

1256
00:50:21,530 --> 00:50:18,359
well you're not going to have much to

1257
00:50:23,270 --> 00:50:21,540
live on and then water activity there

1258
00:50:25,819 --> 00:50:23,280
can be too little or you can just dilute

1259
00:50:28,640 --> 00:50:25,829
it too much and one thing that I really

1260
00:50:32,750 --> 00:50:28,650
sort of grasp on to is this whole water

1261
00:50:35,720 --> 00:50:32,760
activity concept which is something that

1262
00:50:38,000 --> 00:50:35,730
can be actually very nicely related back

1263
00:50:42,079 --> 00:50:38,010
to the mineral composition of a surface

1264
00:50:43,550 --> 00:50:42,089
and this is summarized from Nick Tosca

1265
00:50:46,520 --> 00:50:43,560
had a paper that came out in science

1266
00:50:47,839 --> 00:50:46,530
this year where he basically looked at

1267
00:50:50,510 --> 00:50:47,849
the geochemistry of the Martian surface

1268
00:50:53,720 --> 00:50:50,520
as we know it or as we can presume it

1269
00:50:55,730 --> 00:50:53,730
might be and try to basically understand

1270
00:50:57,470 --> 00:50:55,740
what the water activity was what the

1271
00:50:59,150 --> 00:50:57,480
environment what the water activity was

1272
00:51:00,800 --> 00:50:59,160
in the environment and water activity is

1273
00:51:03,410 --> 00:51:00,810
essentially the chemical availability of

1274
00:51:05,660 --> 00:51:03,420
the water for example increasing the

1275
00:51:08,030 --> 00:51:05,670
salinity of the liquid basically

1276
00:51:09,859 --> 00:51:08,040
decreases the water activity and if it's

1277
00:51:11,420 --> 00:51:09,869
to say line you're not going to

1278
00:51:13,400 --> 00:51:11,430
basically life won't be able to survive

1279
00:51:14,990 --> 00:51:13,410
so he's got a couple of different points

1280
00:51:18,200 --> 00:51:15,000
he uses the Martian compositions to

1281
00:51:20,420 --> 00:51:18,210
predict the water activity and this is a

1282
00:51:22,250 --> 00:51:20,430
very important part of it is he argues

1283
00:51:25,430 --> 00:51:22,260
that Bryan's are not remnants of dilute

1284
00:51:26,660 --> 00:51:25,440
waters that evaporates subsequently and

1285
00:51:28,970 --> 00:51:26,670
I think he can still argue with that

1286
00:51:30,170 --> 00:51:28,980
point quite a bit but his argument was

1287
00:51:32,360 --> 00:51:30,180
these hands started out as

1288
00:51:34,220 --> 00:51:32,370
lieut nice lakes that you could live in

1289
00:51:36,680 --> 00:51:34,230
very happily and then basically

1290
00:51:38,180 --> 00:51:36,690
evaporated away he's arguing that for

1291
00:51:42,200 --> 00:51:38,190
the most part in the deposits that we

1292
00:51:45,740 --> 00:51:42,210
see the water was concentrated pretty

1293
00:51:48,080 --> 00:51:45,750
much from the get-go and then he

1294
00:51:50,530 --> 00:51:48,090
distinguishes this is the other

1295
00:51:54,110 --> 00:51:50,540
important point he distinguishes between

1296
00:51:55,690 --> 00:51:54,120
originating in and adapting to a low

1297
00:51:57,980 --> 00:51:55,700
water activity environment and

1298
00:52:00,230 --> 00:51:57,990
essentially his argument is that low

1299
00:52:02,270 --> 00:52:00,240
activity of water inhibits prebiotic

1300
00:52:05,060 --> 00:52:02,280
chemistry and so if life were to try to

1301
00:52:07,220 --> 00:52:05,070
get started it would not do so very well

1302
00:52:11,210 --> 00:52:07,230
any low water activity environment and

1303
00:52:12,820 --> 00:52:11,220
so we have our essentially the chemistry

1304
00:52:15,200 --> 00:52:12,830
of the water the activity of the water

1305
00:52:17,660 --> 00:52:15,210
on different situations this is

1306
00:52:20,090 --> 00:52:17,670
meridiani planum the sulfate deposits

1307
00:52:21,830 --> 00:52:20,100
and meridiani this is knock lights these

1308
00:52:23,660 --> 00:52:21,840
are Martian meteorites which have some

1309
00:52:25,910 --> 00:52:23,670
evaporites in the Met low concentrations

1310
00:52:28,550 --> 00:52:25,920
and this is earth sea water so he

1311
00:52:30,140 --> 00:52:28,560
calculates basically the activity of the

1312
00:52:34,340 --> 00:52:30,150
water in the different situations in

1313
00:52:36,860 --> 00:52:34,350
december i sat in the chart we have the

1314
00:52:39,250 --> 00:52:36,870
water activity values for the sulfates

1315
00:52:42,770 --> 00:52:39,260
at meridiani chlorides at meridiani

1316
00:52:44,060 --> 00:52:42,780
Martian meteorite brines and paso robles

1317
00:52:46,370 --> 00:52:44,070
which is in Goose have created at

1318
00:52:47,930 --> 00:52:46,380
Columbia Hills soil brines and comes up

1319
00:52:50,120 --> 00:52:47,940
with these numbers for water activity

1320
00:52:52,160 --> 00:52:50,130
which are actually quite very low and

1321
00:52:55,310 --> 00:52:52,170
for comparison if you're looking at

1322
00:52:57,620 --> 00:52:55,320
Earth organisms the limit is point nine

1323
00:52:59,660 --> 00:52:57,630
Cory extremophile like fungi archaea

1324
00:53:04,010 --> 00:52:59,670
point seven five and the actual limit

1325
00:53:05,570 --> 00:53:04,020
the record is point six one so I'm not I

1326
00:53:07,160 --> 00:53:05,580
guess what I'm not I'm not necessarily

1327
00:53:08,450 --> 00:53:07,170
saying that this you know wife will

1328
00:53:10,370 --> 00:53:08,460
never develop on Mars you can see water

1329
00:53:13,190 --> 00:53:10,380
activity is not good but the basic point

1330
00:53:14,900 --> 00:53:13,200
is this was a really nice concrete

1331
00:53:16,940 --> 00:53:14,910
example of where I can take the

1332
00:53:20,330 --> 00:53:16,950
mineralogy of Mars and directly apply it

1333
00:53:25,970 --> 00:53:20,340
to how life would develop endure survive

1334
00:53:28,820 --> 00:53:25,980
on the surface the second point and I'm

1335
00:53:29,870 --> 00:53:28,830
almost done is preservation potential so

1336
00:53:32,630 --> 00:53:29,880
not only do you have to have have

1337
00:53:35,210 --> 00:53:32,640
ability evett ability but whatever you

1338
00:53:36,710 --> 00:53:35,220
grow in this environment has to stay

1339
00:53:38,990 --> 00:53:36,720
there for you to discover it later on

1340
00:53:41,060 --> 00:53:39,000
and so that brings up a whole new set of

1341
00:53:43,040 --> 00:53:41,070
conditions to consider once again water

1342
00:53:44,130 --> 00:53:43,050
activity but instead of a high number

1343
00:53:45,660 --> 00:53:44,140
you want to loan the

1344
00:53:48,660 --> 00:53:45,670
were to preserve it essentially you want

1345
00:53:51,390 --> 00:53:48,670
to pickle something permeability are you

1346
00:53:52,410 --> 00:53:51,400
able to wash it away temperature if you

1347
00:53:55,650 --> 00:53:52,420
bury it too deep you're going to

1348
00:53:59,310 --> 00:53:55,660
basically decompose things oxidation

1349
00:54:01,020 --> 00:53:59,320
potential you generally don't want to

1350
00:54:02,970 --> 00:54:01,030
oxidize it so you don't want exposed to

1351
00:54:05,400 --> 00:54:02,980
say UV radiation right at the surface of

1352
00:54:07,800 --> 00:54:05,410
Mars and then exclamation you want it to

1353
00:54:09,510 --> 00:54:07,810
be exposed at the surface so you want it

1354
00:54:13,290 --> 00:54:09,520
to be at the surface but not for too

1355
00:54:15,180 --> 00:54:13,300
long and this is cut off at the bottom

1356
00:54:16,590 --> 00:54:15,190
here but basically it's like this is a

1357
00:54:19,080 --> 00:54:16,600
whole new set of conditions that you

1358
00:54:20,970 --> 00:54:19,090
need to look into in order to basically

1359
00:54:24,990 --> 00:54:20,980
figure out okay where am I going to go

1360
00:54:27,780 --> 00:54:25,000
on Mars in order to find any remnants of

1361
00:54:29,220 --> 00:54:27,790
life and the the mineralogy of the

1362
00:54:31,410 --> 00:54:29,230
surface not only has something to say

1363
00:54:34,490 --> 00:54:31,420
about the habitability but also whether

1364
00:54:37,770 --> 00:54:34,500
or not it's actually preserved and so

1365
00:54:39,660 --> 00:54:37,780
essentially to conclude the conclusion

1366
00:54:43,350 --> 00:54:39,670
is sort of a non conclusion it's

1367
00:54:45,420 --> 00:54:43,360
basically stay tuned we've got this a

1368
00:54:47,430 --> 00:54:45,430
wide variety of compositions on the

1369
00:54:48,600 --> 00:54:47,440
surface it's weird starting to

1370
00:54:50,880 --> 00:54:48,610
understand that much better it's a

1371
00:54:52,890 --> 00:54:50,890
growing list and what I think it tells

1372
00:54:54,660 --> 00:54:52,900
us is that there's a variety of code

1373
00:54:56,330 --> 00:54:54,670
temporal aqueous environments on the

1374
00:54:58,500 --> 00:54:56,340
planet that shouldn't be a surprise

1375
00:55:01,260 --> 00:54:58,510
that's something that we should be very

1376
00:55:02,790 --> 00:55:01,270
aware of and then much remains to be

1377
00:55:05,790 --> 00:55:02,800
discovered in more fully characterized

1378
00:55:07,200 --> 00:55:05,800
as I said so the big question is where

1379
00:55:10,380 --> 00:55:07,210
is habitability and preservation

1380
00:55:11,520 --> 00:55:10,390
potential maximized and that's why I

1381
00:55:13,590 --> 00:55:11,530
want to talk about the Mars Science

1382
00:55:15,720 --> 00:55:13,600
Laboratory here is basically the landing

1383
00:55:19,110 --> 00:55:15,730
site selection process has been all

1384
00:55:21,030 --> 00:55:19,120
about this question and much of it

1385
00:55:22,770 --> 00:55:21,040
revolves around the morphology of the

1386
00:55:24,270 --> 00:55:22,780
surface but much of it also revolves

1387
00:55:25,830 --> 00:55:24,280
around the mineralogy of the surface so

1388
00:55:27,870 --> 00:55:25,840
taking the mineralogy of the surface the

1389
00:55:30,350 --> 00:55:27,880
composition to try to answer this

1390
00:55:34,310 --> 00:55:30,360
question to figure out where to send the

1391
00:55:38,280 --> 00:55:34,320
1.8 billion dollar lander in growing is

1392
00:55:40,260 --> 00:55:38,290
is it's basically the question to ask

1393
00:55:42,270 --> 00:55:40,270
and that's why this stuff is important

1394
00:55:49,190 --> 00:55:42,280
and I think I'm going to stop there so

1395
00:55:55,620 --> 00:55:54,690
questions Erica you mentioned that we're

1396
00:55:57,359 --> 00:55:55,630
going you're talking about the different

1397
00:55:59,460 --> 00:55:57,369
detectors and you're pointing out that

1398
00:56:01,230 --> 00:55:59,470
prism has sort of the optimal thing and

1399
00:56:03,150 --> 00:56:01,240
that it's high spatial resolution with

1400
00:56:05,100 --> 00:56:03,160
high spectral resolution but the

1401
00:56:07,950 --> 00:56:05,110
trade-off is you get a really small area

1402
00:56:11,310 --> 00:56:07,960
to see how long will it take for prism

1403
00:56:15,030 --> 00:56:11,320
to map the entire surface um essentially

1404
00:56:17,040 --> 00:56:15,040
forever Oh chrism they've done a couple

1405
00:56:18,480 --> 00:56:17,050
of neat things in that that's always a

1406
00:56:20,160 --> 00:56:18,490
trade-off and how many bits can you send

1407
00:56:22,080 --> 00:56:20,170
back to earth as well and that you know

1408
00:56:25,109 --> 00:56:22,090
mro it's got this nice big huge antenna

1409
00:56:26,370 --> 00:56:25,119
with a just a wonderful data rate they

1410
00:56:28,260 --> 00:56:26,380
also have essentially what they call a

1411
00:56:31,109 --> 00:56:28,270
multispectral milligram only sent send

1412
00:56:33,990 --> 00:56:31,119
back 70 bands rather than 500 bands and

1413
00:56:35,880 --> 00:56:34,000
they some things to roughly 100 meter

1414
00:56:37,650 --> 00:56:35,890
per pixel resolution so it's

1415
00:56:40,080 --> 00:56:37,660
continuously taking strips and will

1416
00:56:41,870 --> 00:56:40,090
build up a planetary picture but those

1417
00:56:44,730 --> 00:56:41,880
little postage stamps which I showed

1418
00:56:46,320 --> 00:56:44,740
won't probably cover much more than I

1419
00:56:48,300 --> 00:56:46,330
don't know maybe not more than ten

1420
00:56:54,780 --> 00:56:48,310
percent of the planet over the course of

1421
00:56:56,310 --> 00:56:54,790
extended missions first of all this is a

1422
00:56:59,910 --> 00:56:56,320
marvelous example of a great

1423
00:57:02,520 --> 00:56:59,920
astrobiology talk dipped in for the

1424
00:57:05,420 --> 00:57:02,530
geologist but you kept in general was

1425
00:57:10,320 --> 00:57:05,430
Restless a lot of great information

1426
00:57:13,410 --> 00:57:10,330
summarize liquid water today he's caught

1427
00:57:17,849 --> 00:57:13,420
a lot about this what do you think of

1428
00:57:21,690 --> 00:57:17,859
the odds version look um well very

1429
00:57:25,260 --> 00:57:21,700
deeply where you can't access it the one

1430
00:57:27,990 --> 00:57:25,270
interest pumping on the order of

1431
00:57:29,700 --> 00:57:28,000
hundreds of meters to kilometers in the

1432
00:57:31,200 --> 00:57:29,710
equatorial regions those places where

1433
00:57:32,400 --> 00:57:31,210
they do predict liquid water to be

1434
00:57:34,530 --> 00:57:32,410
present we don't know if it's actually

1435
00:57:37,500 --> 00:57:34,540
there or not could be if you can drill

1436
00:57:40,109 --> 00:57:37,510
deeply enough to get to it but I that's

1437
00:57:41,490 --> 00:57:40,119
one thing that we do see is the gullies

1438
00:57:43,950 --> 00:57:41,500
and I'm not sure how much people know

1439
00:57:45,240 --> 00:57:43,960
about Kelly's they're essentially stream

1440
00:57:46,470 --> 00:57:45,250
channels on the sides of craters or

1441
00:57:48,300 --> 00:57:46,480
whatever that have essentially no

1442
00:57:49,710 --> 00:57:48,310
craters on them and they've taken before

1443
00:57:52,650 --> 00:57:49,720
and after picture is seeing them

1444
00:57:54,300 --> 00:57:52,660
actually form and there's alternate

1445
00:57:56,099 --> 00:57:54,310
hypotheses but I think most people

1446
00:57:57,960 --> 00:57:56,109
generally sort of agree with the it's

1447
00:57:59,490 --> 00:57:57,970
probably liquid water that forms

1448
00:58:03,450 --> 00:57:59,500
many of the legalities that we see and

1449
00:58:04,859 --> 00:58:03,460
so essentially we think liquid water is

1450
00:58:06,359 --> 00:58:04,869
flowing on the surface of cars today

1451
00:58:08,070 --> 00:58:06,369
it's not stable on the surface so it

1452
00:58:10,680 --> 00:58:08,080
doesn't last very long so if you

1453
00:58:12,480 --> 00:58:10,690
identify one of those regions you can

1454
00:58:14,820 --> 00:58:12,490
probably access it very close to the

1455
00:58:18,810 --> 00:58:14,830
surface if not like just stand there and

1456
00:58:21,839 --> 00:58:18,820
wait for it to happen how I don't know

1457
00:58:24,300 --> 00:58:21,849
it's but you haven't mentioned in

1458
00:58:28,920 --> 00:58:24,310
geothermal possible hospital it would be

1459
00:58:32,190 --> 00:58:28,930
super deep it's possible we know about

1460
00:58:34,980 --> 00:58:32,200
that you're saying we can rule out that

1461
00:58:36,480 --> 00:58:34,990
they can't be liquid water say is 200

1462
00:58:39,000 --> 00:58:36,490
meters because we made the thermal mass

1463
00:58:40,500 --> 00:58:39,010
there just isn't the chili well it'd be

1464
00:58:42,060 --> 00:58:40,510
tough knowing whether or not you detect

1465
00:58:43,830 --> 00:58:42,070
it or not actually one thing I do with

1466
00:58:46,770 --> 00:58:43,840
the Themis data its hundred meters per

1467
00:58:48,599 --> 00:58:46,780
pixel and I look at it when itself it

1468
00:58:51,300 --> 00:58:48,609
with an algorithm basically looking for

1469
00:58:52,770 --> 00:58:51,310
hot pixels and I've covered the surface

1470
00:58:54,930 --> 00:58:52,780
over and over and over again looking for

1471
00:58:56,370 --> 00:58:54,940
that you know it's a one in you know one

1472
00:58:58,320 --> 00:58:56,380
in a hundred chance of discovering

1473
00:58:59,609 --> 00:58:58,330
something like that which is probably

1474
00:59:01,109 --> 00:58:59,619
worth it it's really it would be a

1475
00:59:03,270 --> 00:59:01,119
really great discovery but nothing's

1476
00:59:06,210 --> 00:59:03,280
shown up but that's you know a full

1477
00:59:09,329 --> 00:59:06,220
hundred meters square pixel well above

1478
00:59:10,740 --> 00:59:09,339
the background temperature and so you

1479
00:59:13,440 --> 00:59:10,750
know at what level would you discover

1480
00:59:14,820 --> 00:59:13,450
something I'm sure there's got to be

1481
00:59:21,810 --> 00:59:14,830
something that exists on the surface

1482
00:59:25,410 --> 00:59:21,820
that's a hot spot cub oh so I'm actually

1483
00:59:27,240 --> 00:59:25,420
pretty interested in the sources of a

1484
00:59:30,800 --> 00:59:27,250
lot of these minerals they could be

1485
00:59:33,900 --> 00:59:30,810
Halloween perhaps even early stages and

1486
00:59:37,020 --> 00:59:33,910
hematite formations whole phase and what

1487
00:59:39,690 --> 00:59:37,030
this might mean to but what Mars look

1488
00:59:44,730 --> 00:59:39,700
like I must say is surely no argument

1489
00:59:46,170 --> 00:59:44,740
and norm sleep invention that is that

1490
00:59:49,530 --> 00:59:46,180
very early period you might have at a

1491
00:59:51,660 --> 00:59:49,540
short period of plate tectonics for

1492
00:59:55,020 --> 00:59:51,670
example and that would have contributed

1493
00:59:58,170 --> 00:59:55,030
for example to making a state of course

1494
01:00:00,230 --> 00:59:58,180
evolving but I want to get your thoughts

1495
01:00:06,050 --> 01:00:00,240
on the sources of those

1496
01:00:09,650 --> 01:00:06,060
and secondly how those methane to write

1497
01:00:11,120 --> 01:00:09,660
so the sources of keep my notes I could

1498
01:00:14,240 --> 01:00:11,130
give it entirely separate talk on

1499
01:00:15,560 --> 01:00:14,250
igneous compositions on ours not that I

1500
01:00:20,630 --> 01:00:15,570
understand that you more about that than

1501
01:00:22,070 --> 01:00:20,640
I do about this but it's what I'm having

1502
01:00:24,170 --> 01:00:22,080
trouble with and what I'm served just

1503
01:00:26,420 --> 01:00:24,180
realized over the last year with service

1504
01:00:28,190 --> 01:00:26,430
all of the dissolution stuff is I don't

1505
01:00:30,140 --> 01:00:28,200
even know where we started in terms of

1506
01:00:33,860 --> 01:00:30,150
igneous compositions you have the snc

1507
01:00:35,330 --> 01:00:33,870
meteorites which do not look like much

1508
01:00:37,400 --> 01:00:35,340
of the rest of the surface of Mars does

1509
01:00:39,050 --> 01:00:37,410
from the remote sensing and then you

1510
01:00:41,660 --> 01:00:39,060
have these very olivene registered p

1511
01:00:45,470 --> 01:00:41,670
critic basalts which sort of fall into

1512
01:00:47,900 --> 01:00:45,480
the ultramafic category um to be honest

1513
01:00:50,210 --> 01:00:47,910
I I'm sort of clueless as to what sort

1514
01:00:52,040 --> 01:00:50,220
of mechanisms you have for forming es

1515
01:00:54,440 --> 01:00:52,050
compositions and then there's I didn't

1516
01:00:56,180 --> 01:00:54,450
talk about but there's sort of areas

1517
01:00:59,920 --> 01:00:56,190
where you have sending essentially

1518
01:01:02,180 --> 01:00:59,930
granitic compositions and how you what

1519
01:01:04,010 --> 01:01:02,190
mechanism is going on to differentiate

1520
01:01:07,010 --> 01:01:04,020
the you know the manual competition to

1521
01:01:09,950 --> 01:01:07,020
get such a high silica competition uh so

1522
01:01:12,970 --> 01:01:09,960
yeah the answer is I have no idea and

1523
01:01:16,820 --> 01:01:12,980
then how does methane fit into this

1524
01:01:20,690 --> 01:01:16,830
that's also a good question i don't know

1525
01:01:22,370 --> 01:01:20,700
that it's obviously important everybody

1526
01:01:25,550 --> 01:01:22,380
links methane to at least the

1527
01:01:27,110 --> 01:01:25,560
possibility of light the detection czar

1528
01:01:29,480 --> 01:01:27,120
getting a little bit more confident at

1529
01:01:32,110 --> 01:01:29,490
least mike mama it's starting to look at

1530
01:01:35,480 --> 01:01:32,120
spatial distributions and other things

1531
01:01:37,280 --> 01:01:35,490
but as to until you actually kneel down

1532
01:01:39,260 --> 01:01:37,290
the source and see exactly where it's

1533
01:01:40,970 --> 01:01:39,270
coming from i don't know that any you

1534
01:01:43,460 --> 01:01:40,980
can't just do anything but just kind of

1535
01:01:44,010 --> 01:01:43,470
wildly speculate on it yeah just wonder

1536
01:01:46,770 --> 01:01:44,020
if it was

1537
01:01:49,140 --> 01:01:46,780
anybody has actually mapped out where if

1538
01:01:53,370 --> 01:01:49,150
there are hot sbux for methane do they

1539
01:01:56,720 --> 01:01:53,380
overlay some other zones of the five

1540
01:02:01,620 --> 01:01:56,730
minerals for example the hydrated yeah

1541
01:02:03,930 --> 01:02:01,630
husband and it would be they have like

1542
01:02:05,970 --> 01:02:03,940
the last Scout proposals they purple of

1543
01:02:07,500 --> 01:02:05,980
different teams proposed really really

1544
01:02:10,080 --> 01:02:07,510
sensitive spectrometer is that would

1545
01:02:11,820 --> 01:02:10,090
basically zero in on exactly where the

1546
01:02:14,070 --> 01:02:11,830
methane was that Serb orders of

1547
01:02:16,070 --> 01:02:14,080
magnitude more precise precision than

1548
01:02:18,570 --> 01:02:16,080
what we have now but we're not there yet

1549
01:02:22,290 --> 01:02:18,580
it's just the question right now is is

1550
01:02:25,050 --> 01:02:22,300
there methane or not on Mars let's take

1551
01:02:28,800 --> 01:02:25,060
a remote question Oh NASA Ames that's a

1552
01:02:30,330 --> 01:02:28,810
question hi Josh I this is Dave and I

1553
01:02:33,210 --> 01:02:30,340
want to echo the comment that's a great

1554
01:02:35,550 --> 01:02:33,220
talk very very rich with information and

1555
01:02:38,520 --> 01:02:35,560
very clear the question I'd like to ask

1556
01:02:40,710 --> 01:02:38,530
is this one of difficulty in detecting a

1557
01:02:43,530 --> 01:02:40,720
lot of these features on the surface and

1558
01:02:44,760 --> 01:02:43,540
of course at the spirit site at Columbia

1559
01:02:47,130 --> 01:02:44,770
Hill site that you mentioned we

1560
01:02:49,140 --> 01:02:47,140
witnessed firsthand how atmospheric dust

1561
01:02:51,180 --> 01:02:49,150
settling just totally covers things up

1562
01:02:53,610 --> 01:02:51,190
all those silica deposits now you cannot

1563
01:02:56,520 --> 01:02:53,620
see any more even after we dragged him

1564
01:02:58,200 --> 01:02:56,530
up with the wheels so this dust settling

1565
01:02:59,670 --> 01:02:58,210
is really a major issue and I was

1566
01:03:02,370 --> 01:02:59,680
wondering if you could had some thoughts

1567
01:03:05,100 --> 01:03:02,380
about future orbital missions how can we

1568
01:03:06,780 --> 01:03:05,110
beat this problem back what have you

1569
01:03:09,000 --> 01:03:06,790
given any thought as to how we can make

1570
01:03:10,890 --> 01:03:09,010
the orbital remote sensing may be more

1571
01:03:14,820 --> 01:03:10,900
effective in coping with this dust

1572
01:03:18,390 --> 01:03:14,830
settling problem um that's a good thing

1573
01:03:21,150 --> 01:03:18,400
really difficult question um to be

1574
01:03:22,920 --> 01:03:21,160
honest the general feeling that I have

1575
01:03:26,250 --> 01:03:22,930
and I think a lot of others have this is

1576
01:03:28,430 --> 01:03:26,260
typically is covered with dust I have to

1577
01:03:32,310 --> 01:03:28,440
look elsewhere if I'm looking for morbid

1578
01:03:35,370 --> 01:03:32,320
I think one thing that helps get around

1579
01:03:36,750 --> 01:03:35,380
was get around it is say like the GRS

1580
01:03:39,540 --> 01:03:36,760
instrument is actually a really good

1581
01:03:42,090 --> 01:03:39,550
example both the neutron spectrometer in

1582
01:03:44,040 --> 01:03:42,100
the gamma ray spectrometer they show you

1583
01:03:45,360 --> 01:03:44,050
know things that are buried and yeah

1584
01:03:46,180 --> 01:03:45,370
it's at six hundred kilometer resolution

1585
01:03:48,100 --> 01:03:46,190
but

1586
01:03:50,500 --> 01:03:48,110
you can improve upon that type of thing

1587
01:03:52,000 --> 01:03:50,510
or find other sort of remote methods of

1588
01:03:53,830 --> 01:03:52,010
getting at composition I think that

1589
01:03:55,990 --> 01:03:53,840
helps although I don't know if you'll

1590
01:04:02,230 --> 01:03:56,000
ever get at that at the really high

1591
01:04:03,640 --> 01:04:02,240
level of spatial resolution so I I guess

1592
01:04:05,890 --> 01:04:03,650
the answer is I don't really know I

1593
01:04:07,510 --> 01:04:05,900
don't really have a good sense of what

1594
01:04:14,350 --> 01:04:07,520
what you would do otherwise other than

1595
01:04:17,980 --> 01:04:14,360
try different techniques don't you have

1596
01:04:21,910 --> 01:04:17,990
a question I said a question about these

1597
01:04:24,280 --> 01:04:21,920
seams general areas I mean the back the

1598
01:04:29,040 --> 01:04:24,290
silica deposit just sounded about the

1599
01:04:37,720 --> 01:04:36,010
interesting hey and it's it I it's

1600
01:04:44,290 --> 01:04:37,730
disturbing the number of things that the

1601
01:04:47,770 --> 01:04:44,300
wheels have dug up carbonates are

1602
01:04:52,120 --> 01:04:47,780
they're missing carbons on Mars uh I

1603
01:04:54,430 --> 01:04:52,130
don't think so I mean I can't tell you

1604
01:04:55,720 --> 01:04:54,440
for sure you just sort of give a minute

1605
01:04:58,240 --> 01:04:55,730
or two summary of how you see the

1606
01:05:01,600 --> 01:04:58,250
situation um carbonates seem to be

1607
01:05:03,880 --> 01:05:01,610
present like I'm between Phoenix and

1608
01:05:06,310 --> 01:05:03,890
tests at least they're pointed him with

1609
01:05:09,030 --> 01:05:06,320
one another so I think it might gain

1610
01:05:12,400 --> 01:05:09,040
strength as to being more of a credible

1611
01:05:15,160 --> 01:05:12,410
detection and but that's yeah low levels

1612
01:05:17,590 --> 01:05:15,170
but you sort of ubiquitous so where the

1613
01:05:21,430 --> 01:05:17,600
you know where the white cliffs of Dover

1614
01:05:22,870 --> 01:05:21,440
on Mars and we don't see them which you

1615
01:05:24,520 --> 01:05:22,880
know given what I've been talking about

1616
01:05:26,620 --> 01:05:24,530
today you guys might not believe me that

1617
01:05:28,840 --> 01:05:26,630
I don't think that they're there one

1618
01:05:31,330 --> 01:05:28,850
thing that chrism has talked about at

1619
01:05:33,490 --> 01:05:31,340
the Mars Science Laboratory workshop is

1620
01:05:37,210 --> 01:05:33,500
they are seeing sort of what they

1621
01:05:40,900 --> 01:05:37,220
believe our minor layers of carbonates

1622
01:05:43,090 --> 01:05:40,910
in say the newly faucet region and once

1623
01:05:46,660 --> 01:05:43,100
again that's sort of in the area of well

1624
01:05:48,520 --> 01:05:46,670
that's not really i mean it's it's

1625
01:05:52,960 --> 01:05:48,530
interesting but i haven't seen enough to

1626
01:05:54,310 --> 01:05:52,970
say hey this is defended so if we're

1627
01:05:56,830 --> 01:05:54,320
starting to detect them in certain

1628
01:05:57,609 --> 01:05:56,840
places maybe they are sort of more

1629
01:05:59,230 --> 01:05:57,619
extensive

1630
01:06:01,180 --> 01:05:59,240
but in other cases like where you have

1631
01:06:03,339 --> 01:06:01,190
vast amounts of you no sulfates for

1632
01:06:04,870 --> 01:06:03,349
example like meridiani you really

1633
01:06:09,640 --> 01:06:04,880
wouldn't expect to see them in that

1634
01:06:12,579 --> 01:06:09,650
enough in those situations um you don't

1635
01:06:14,950 --> 01:06:12,589
see it as a great mystery you know given

1636
01:06:17,529 --> 01:06:14,960
the data that we have the lack of the

1637
01:06:21,309 --> 01:06:17,539
White Cliffs or something halfway to the

1638
01:06:24,220 --> 01:06:21,319
legs this I I actually don't see it as a

1639
01:06:25,930 --> 01:06:24,230
great mystery although maybe I mean

1640
01:06:27,789 --> 01:06:25,940
obviously you know when you think of

1641
01:06:28,779 --> 01:06:27,799
being a water and oceans on Mars and

1642
01:06:30,549 --> 01:06:28,789
things like that the first thing people

1643
01:06:33,730 --> 01:06:30,559
think about it yeah where the carbonate

1644
01:06:35,529 --> 01:06:33,740
deposits but maybe I'm not thinking

1645
01:06:38,589 --> 01:06:35,539
about it hard enough but in my mind it's

1646
01:06:41,140 --> 01:06:38,599
sort of well the geochemistry wasn't

1647
01:06:42,819 --> 01:06:41,150
right for for it remember that almost

1648
01:06:47,289 --> 01:06:42,829
all the carbonate deposits on earth were

1649
01:06:49,450 --> 01:06:47,299
biologically deposited right I've got

1650
01:06:52,720 --> 01:06:49,460
renewed when you say granitic do you

1651
01:06:54,370 --> 01:06:52,730
mean compositionally and I mean

1652
01:06:55,839 --> 01:06:54,380
mineralogical and textual are you

1653
01:06:58,059 --> 01:06:55,849
talking about a gross chemical

1654
01:06:59,950 --> 01:06:58,069
composition where it gets silicon mixing

1655
01:07:03,430 --> 01:06:59,960
with other stuff I'm talking about

1656
01:07:05,620 --> 01:07:03,440
mineral logically so I can't see that

1657
01:07:09,009 --> 01:07:05,630
you know I don't see I can't see the

1658
01:07:11,319 --> 01:07:09,019
texture on the surface I'm just seeing

1659
01:07:14,650 --> 01:07:11,329
the basically the spectral signature of

1660
01:07:18,249 --> 01:07:14,660
something that's basically composed of a

1661
01:07:19,720 --> 01:07:18,259
bulk of quartz and feldspar and even

1662
01:07:23,470 --> 01:07:19,730
then it starts to get vague about what

1663
01:07:25,509 --> 01:07:23,480
kind of feldspar however that being said

1664
01:07:27,999 --> 01:07:25,519
the one thing I argued very strongly

1665
01:07:29,799 --> 01:07:28,009
about it is ok you can alter that you

1666
01:07:31,569 --> 01:07:29,809
can do various things with it it may not

1667
01:07:33,579 --> 01:07:31,579
be a grant grant it might be a nice it

1668
01:07:35,650 --> 01:07:33,589
might have been altered since then my or

1669
01:07:37,920 --> 01:07:35,660
whatever but it's hard to get that

1670
01:07:43,380 --> 01:07:37,930
composition without starting off with a

1671
01:07:46,359 --> 01:07:43,390
highly vault magma so I'm talking about

1672
01:07:49,690 --> 01:07:46,369
composition oh yeah if you ever truly

1673
01:07:53,499 --> 01:07:49,700
frenetic rock I've agree with you it

1674
01:07:58,269 --> 01:07:53,509
could be that you just have silica the

1675
01:08:00,970 --> 01:07:58,279
positive in rocks that have some other

1676
01:08:07,180 --> 01:08:00,980
compositions so the bulk composition is

1677
01:08:08,829 --> 01:08:07,190
a probe into granite um no I guess I

1678
01:08:10,270 --> 01:08:08,839
would argue against it because you know

1679
01:08:11,950 --> 01:08:10,280
right next to this you have

1680
01:08:14,530 --> 01:08:11,960
ulta compositions and so you have this

1681
01:08:17,890 --> 01:08:14,540
very nice isolated surface that's

1682
01:08:19,930 --> 01:08:17,900
composed of education courts and I I

1683
01:08:23,170 --> 01:08:19,940
can't think of a geological situation

1684
01:08:24,760 --> 01:08:23,180
where you can mix things in or or do

1685
01:08:27,010 --> 01:08:24,770
whatever without starting off with

1686
01:08:29,860 --> 01:08:27,020
basically a high social sports not a

1687
01:08:33,160 --> 01:08:29,870
more socially no definitely courts not

1688
01:08:39,789 --> 01:08:33,170
amorphous silica I can't tell you if its

1689
01:08:42,010 --> 01:08:39,799
case bar not but so I this I won't say

1690
01:08:43,690 --> 01:08:42,020
anything very very concretely about it

1691
01:08:46,300 --> 01:08:43,700
other than that and i think that's

1692
01:08:49,140 --> 01:08:46,310
defendable note final question anybody

1693
01:08:51,490 --> 01:08:49,150
yeah you gave a lot of cool examples of

1694
01:08:53,349 --> 01:08:51,500
minerals or Meteorology's that may have

1695
01:08:56,410 --> 01:08:53,359
formed in the presence of liquid water

1696
01:08:58,840 --> 01:08:56,420
you briefly mentioned these nanophase

1697
01:09:01,120 --> 01:08:58,850
iron oxide as a sort of a reverse

1698
01:09:04,150 --> 01:09:01,130
constraint you I think you said these

1699
01:09:06,280 --> 01:09:04,160
things would not be here if water had

1700
01:09:08,590 --> 01:09:06,290
flung or RF water hadn't have been

1701
01:09:09,880 --> 01:09:08,600
present so are there will aid and I get

1702
01:09:13,059 --> 01:09:09,890
that right and B are there other

1703
01:09:15,250 --> 01:09:13,069
mineralogy as you can point to that say

1704
01:09:18,460 --> 01:09:15,260
there was no water here and has a bit

1705
01:09:21,099 --> 01:09:18,470
for X amount right um well as far as I

1706
01:09:23,530 --> 01:09:21,109
understand as nanophase iron oxide form

1707
01:09:25,930 --> 01:09:23,540
they generally form in extremely limited

1708
01:09:29,380 --> 01:09:25,940
amounts of water and what that exactly

1709
01:09:32,740 --> 01:09:29,390
means it's not really well known but you

1710
01:09:35,980 --> 01:09:32,750
know it's not an ocean but yeah there's

1711
01:09:38,140 --> 01:09:35,990
other sort of examples I guess the way

1712
01:09:39,789 --> 01:09:38,150
I'd put it there's you know it's a

1713
01:09:42,190 --> 01:09:39,799
desert environment and you get sort of

1714
01:09:45,099 --> 01:09:42,200
some oxidation of surfaces you get

1715
01:09:47,289 --> 01:09:45,109
coatings on surfaces these are all sort

1716
01:09:48,940 --> 01:09:47,299
of indicative of dry environments in one

1717
01:09:49,809 --> 01:09:48,950
of the big questions in Mars Science

1718
01:09:52,840 --> 01:09:49,819
when you're looking at these

1719
01:09:54,790 --> 01:09:52,850
compositions so is if you go out to say

1720
01:09:57,570 --> 01:09:54,800
like the Atacama Desert where it rains

1721
01:10:00,640 --> 01:09:57,580
once a hundred years or whatever is that

1722
01:10:02,140 --> 01:10:00,650
you don't the processes are so slow

1723
01:10:04,240 --> 01:10:02,150
they're hard to recreate in a laboratory

1724
01:10:06,490 --> 01:10:04,250
and they're hard to see on earth without

1725
01:10:09,070 --> 01:10:06,500
just the overprinting of that once in a

1726
01:10:10,510 --> 01:10:09,080
hundred years rainstorm and so what

1727
01:10:13,060 --> 01:10:10,520
exactly this means about how little

1728
01:10:15,760 --> 01:10:13,070
water was there is still big but that

1729
01:10:17,710 --> 01:10:15,770
being said it does mean that I mean in a

1730
01:10:19,540 --> 01:10:17,720
relative sense there is little water

1731
01:10:21,880 --> 01:10:19,550
there if you look at it like the now

1732
01:10:22,960 --> 01:10:21,890
phase oxide like an oxidized you know

1733
01:10:24,040 --> 01:10:22,970
red soil sir

1734
01:10:26,620 --> 01:10:24,050
and he compared it with the

1735
01:10:28,570 --> 01:10:26,630
phyllosilicates one definitely screams

1736
01:10:30,640 --> 01:10:28,580
at you there's a lot of water here and

1737
01:10:34,960 --> 01:10:30,650
this one screams there wasn't a lot of

1738
01:10:39,160 --> 01:10:34,970
water here well being another indicator

1739
01:10:41,200 --> 01:10:39,170
of new water often that was sort of Phil

1740
01:10:42,520 --> 01:10:41,210
Christensen's big thing hey there's

1741
01:10:45,640 --> 01:10:42,530
olivene on the surface it must have been

1742
01:10:47,170 --> 01:10:45,650
dry and to some degree he's right into

1743
01:10:50,230 --> 01:10:47,180
it but I think you can carry the

1744
01:10:51,580 --> 01:10:50,240
argument too far as well yeah if you

1745
01:10:53,380 --> 01:10:51,590
have unwedded olivene sitting on the

1746
01:10:55,720 --> 01:10:53,390
surface you probably haven't had a lot

1747
01:10:58,660 --> 01:10:55,730
of water but there's unweathered olivene

1748
01:11:02,710 --> 01:10:58,670
sitting on the surface of the earth with